英語文章中國法官與美國法官
㈠ 【英譯中】法律英文期刊翻譯成中文,題目Judicial Independence Versus Public Supervision.
司法獨立和社會公眾的監督
在年度最高人民法院宣傳工作會議在9月初舉行,副首席大法官曹Jianming宣布一些新的措施來限制媒體的訪問幾個新聞來源,設置一個未來的基調釋放的消息,中國的司法系統。
出現的高級官員和高級法官,曹清晰地註明新規則在信息發布對法院和媒體。
為自己的部分,法院不能發布以下信息:內容與國家和商業秘密或侵犯個人隱私以及姓名、家庭地址、照片和其他相關信息的被告如果他們是未成年人,進步的非公開信息,試驗;認為不必要的被釋放,由法院裁決法庭和陪審團en;之間的對應不同級別的法院和其他信息的領導人決定不公布的法庭。
媒體組織也禁止預測裁決的試驗或提出意見超出法律程序。
鑒於新規定,媒體也需要准確地報告實際情況下與真實的證據,避免任何可能的負面影響,虛假信息被傳遞給公眾。
最高人民法院也職業充滿塵埃的建立發言人制度。總統小楊提議建立一個信息發布系統在地方法院協助發言人系統中央一級。
總共65發言人已被指定為全國,以幫助改善法庭和媒體之間的溝通。
曹說那些發言人發現提供不當和不準確的信息給媒體都將受到嚴厲懲罰。他們還同意,法院和有關人員就會遭到起訴未能發布新聞媒體立即和適當。
公告規定的遇到了各種各樣的反應。有人說這是一個一步向國際慣例,而另一些人則認為它會限制新聞記者采訪的權利,公眾的知情權和抑制媒體扼殺意見。
作為一個事實,法官已經謹慎公開聲明中自2001年以來,當他們的行為准則的頒布。
在第十五條倫理規則,法官不應受媒體報道和公眾意見在試驗或當決策;文章16個州,法官不應該發表評論,將損害的嚴重性和權威有效的裁決在公共場所或在新聞發布會。
這是辯論規則發布由最高人民法院這時間,使問題涉及公共超級視覺和司法獨立的熱再辯論。
目前,沒有規則,規定或規范明確的微妙關系和媒體審判機構。一些專家建議最好的解決方案是引入一個中立的石板組織作為協調。
司法獨立
張龜峰(山西晚報》):
至關重要的是,法官不允許接受隨機采訪。從表面上看,似乎所有的措施都是為了防止媒體報道和侵犯公眾的知情權。然而,它是必要的和合理的,因為司法獨立的原則。
現代社會是一個法治社會。沒有獨立的審判,司法不能實現真正意義上的。
根據中國憲法,「人民法院應當按照法律,行使司法權獨立地、不受干擾的行政機關、社會團體和個人。「顯然,這也適用於媒體組織。
有一件事是肯定的。媒體監督與司法獨立的股票同等重要。只有當記者可以不受干擾的工作將公眾的知情權和自身合法權益的保護。根據中國法律的法官,法官應當履行的義務包括義務接受法律和社會公眾的監督。
辯論的核心是關於如何平衡司法獨立和准確的新聞報道。
劉吳俊(研究員與司法部):
對我來說,提醒法官看他們的話是設置為他們的職業道德規則。
法官不應參與爭論的各方。地方法院解釋法律,法官是公平的決策情況下的微妙的區別,通過理性的思想。法官,就像足球裁判,應保持中立、客觀。愛講閑話的法官在審判將是一場災難,兩被告和原告。法官不是律師,誰是雄辯和可以和順利說服人們。法官有達到小心和准確的裁決,是符合法律的精神。法官的價值是他們的公平。
在法院以外,它也不可能談了很多,給隨機意見。相反,他們應該像外交官。一般來說,主審法官不能接受任何采訪在審判期間,他們也沒有權利去宣傳任何不確定的點。解決溝通問題和抑制的好奇心媒體,法官可以指定發言人。一方面,這是方便的對於媒體的准確性,而另一方面,它將阻止任何外界干涉陪審團。
歐陽Myian(21世紀經濟報道》):
新規則旨在控制靈法官而不是媒體。法官和法院工作人員紀律給國米的觀點沒有q5proval£,但記者仍然可以在事件報道。
這是一個大躍進。大多數國家組織試圖掩蓋事情的時候,他們覺得這是不恰當的信息是已知的。最高人民法院採取了一個新的立場,不限制媒體報道,但對控制自己的員工。
現在,法院是自律,媒體應該更關注對報道內容和方式。隨機采訪和偏見的報道很容易忽略的事實。這分散了注意力的大佬從眼前的事實。對於記者,事實是比結果更重要。
他嘉鴻(法學院教授的中國人民大學):
當很難獲得的增強型丹斯,媒體通常變成謠言來加強這個故事。當然這個不完整的一手資料意味著將有害的報道司法過程。
正確的認識
Na小芳(jschlna.com.cn):
媒體很容易預測事件。媒體怎麼可能猜對法院施加壓力或甚至影響最終的判斷?除非我看到的證據我是不會相信的。
誠實的媒體報告代表了權力的公眾評價的公正、透明和公正的最終裁決由法院。
不可避免地,這將是最好的主管司法系統。
法院制約媒體訪問他們的試驗是希望他們的最終決定不能受人為因素。在現實中,如果法官是透明的、專業的和有足夠的智慧,為什麼他們會害怕有媒體報道給公眾對他們的工作嗎?
東方畝(濟南時報):
准確的報道和司法依賴扮演平等的角色在公眾的知情權。法律應該定義規則的免費報告和獨立的試驗,這樣可以解決任何沖突。
作為一個相互尊重的標志,每一方應謹慎如何使用力量給公眾。
因為最高人民法院已經上升到一個更高的位置本身比媒體,降低媒體的
報告的能力,無論平衡,存在將受損和媒體將被降低到一個被動的角色。
大多數西方國家都寬容媒體報道。只有當司法系統是迫於公眾將限制設置。把法院的美國為例。每當媒體報道是密集的和主觀的,法官將延遲判決,以避免被影響。陪審團甚至可以隱藏遠離外界的要求下的辯護律師。
從本質上講,一個司法系統缺乏獨立性是不能夠正確處理案件。外部中斷並不是主要的問題,而不是抵抗行政權力和賄賂將是最好的方式,以避免腐敗的法官和錯誤的判決。在這方面,准確的媒體報道將有利於司法獨立在長期的運行。
魏Wenbiao(北京青年報):
沒有必要的角色。大眾傳媒無法控製法庭,所以任何裁決預測不會以任何方式影響或影響最終決定由法官。
關閉其門給媒體在沒有辦法培養司法獨立。如果法官職業和透明的,其裁決不受任何人。
的法律程序,媒體是不相關的。法律程序是有效的只是框架內的司法系統,而媒體的責任是告訴公眾真相。
風扇傅(記者從白令海峽):
最近,許多法院制定了該發言人系統宣傳信息定期。然而,對於每一個權威和公共權力,它與媒體的關系不能停在通信,必須有某種形式的監控。
也許,在某些情況下,一個發言人拒絕回答問題從法院領導下指令行動。在其他情況下的過濾的信息可能會侵害公眾的知情權。值得警惕的是,一些地方法院可以通過保持媒體港腐敗了。
曹林(燕趙地鐵日報):
事實上,大影響中國的司法系統不是媒體,但濫用權力來幫助法庭變得更加透明。
都在這了,給個滿意吧。
㈡ 英語的法官為什麼要加your
這是中古英語遺留的產物
表示尊稱
比如稱呼君王
Your, mighty
Your, majesty
莎士比亞小說里比比皆是
就下我們的陛下,閣下,足下。。好多下呢
㈢ 求有關「審前准備程序」的英文法律論文和翻譯
中文:在現代司法領域,無論是在大陸法系,還是在英美法系,無論是實行當事人主義或是實行職權主義的民事訴訟模式,審前准備程序已經成為各國民事訴訟制度上的一個不約而同的選擇,均已經形成各具特色的審前程序。我國的「審理前的准備活動」已經成為我國民事審判制度改革的重要內容之一,針對目前的理論和實踐,從美國、英國、法國、日本等英美法系和大陸法系的法學理論和法律條文異同進行對比,結合我國民事訴訟法的具體規定,以完善我國民事審前准備程序,具體為民事訴訟失權制度(答辯失權制度和證據失權證據)、證據開示與交換制度、設置審前會議制度、建立健全多元化的糾紛解決機制,以便有利於維護程序公正,又有利於提高訴訟的效率與效益,使我國的民事訴訟法更加適應司法現代化的客觀需要,健全我國的民事訴訟體系,實現我國民事訴訟的公正、公平、效益的目標。
民事訴訟審前程序是當事人跨入法律大門的第一關卡。作為開庭審理前的訴訟環節,我國盡管並未形成一個完整的審前准備程序,但仍有與之相類似的規定,即「審理前的准備活動」。我國審前准備活動的特點是法官主導下的從程序到實體的准備,這其中,法官主導下的實體性准備,即全面了解案情,調查必要的證據是審前准備的核心,而且審前准備鮮有當事人參加,即使當事人參加,也經常是法院與當事人的單方面接觸,這種做法使法官難以保證中立性和公正性,致使開庭審理形式化。
改革審前准備程序已經成為我國民事審判制度改革的重要內容之一。在審前准備程序改革的議論中,前幾年,「不經准備直接開庭」的做法為眾多學者極力推崇,但實踐表明,這種直接開庭容易導致證據突襲與重復開庭,降低訴訟效率,這種方式並不足取。針對目前的理論和實踐,筆者擬從美國、英國、法國、日本等英美法系和大陸法系的法學理論和法律條文異同進行對比,並結合我國民事訴訟法的具體規定,提出幾點對民事審前准備程序的建議。
一.國外民事審前准備程序的對比研究
在現代司法領域,無論是在大陸法系還是在英美法系,無論是實行當事人主義還是實行職權主義的民事訴訟模式,審前准備程序已經成為各國民事訴訟制度上的一個不約而同的選擇,均已經形成各具特色的審前程序。我國一些學者認為,出現這種現象絕不是偶然的,反映了民事訴訟的發展趨勢。國外民事訴訟審前准備程序的共同點主要表現在一下幾個方面:
(一)審前准備程序受到高度重視,未經准備程序就不能進入法庭審理和辯論
德國創設了准備法官制度,每一案件在法院系屬時就指定一個准備法官,由其專門負責審前准備,並在開庭審理時向會議庭其他法官報告案情(准備法官本身是合議庭成員),以確保審前准備在法院的指揮下進行,並節省開庭審理時間。法國也很早就對民事訴訟准備程序作出了詳盡的規定。在日本,修改的民事訴訟法規定的民事訴訟准備程序制度吸收了英美法和大陸法准備程序的長處,充分反映了各國互相借鑒、互相吸收的不斷融合的趨勢。
(二)審前准備的主要目的在於防止法庭突襲,確保訴訟公正,提高訴訟效率
審前准備使當事人在充分准備的基礎上進入法庭,從根本上保證當事人享有充分、平等的辯論機會,防止法庭突襲,確保訴訟公正。同時,還可以將當事人之間沒有爭議的主張和證據排除在法庭審理范圍之外,簡化法庭審理,加快訴訟進行,提高訴訟效率。
(三)審前准備以當事人活動為主,法官的作用相對弱化
盡管德國和日本的法官在審前准備程序中的作用相對積極一些,但從總體上看,民事訴訟審前准備程序還是以當事人的活動為主的;由當事人提出主張並確定爭點,由當事人收集和提出證據,由當事人決定審判對象(最終進入法庭審理的內容),由當事人決定程序的開始或終結,如此等等。而法官一般以中立的的見證人身份參與審前准備程序,最多也只是一個程序進行的指揮者,一切重大的實體問題均由當事人自己決定,充分體現了當事人的意思自治。
同時,外國審前准備程序和我國的規定有很多不同點:
(一)訴答階段
1訴訟文書送達。在美國,送達訴訟文書是原告的義務,而中國、德國則是法院的職權行為。但在具體送達方式上,中、德又略有不同。德國的訴訟文書均由法院以職權通過郵寄送達。為簡化訴訟程序,雙方當事人都由律師代理時,書狀的送達可以由為送達的律師把應交付的書狀轉交給另一方律師,此即律師向律師的送達。中國目前訴訟文書仍是以法院工作人員直接送達為主,以郵寄、委託送達等為輔。在案件量居高不下、法院輔助人員相對少的情況下,直接送達顯然是一種效率低下的方式。
2未提交答辯狀的法律後果。被告在法定期限內未答辯,在美國和德國均產生失權的效果,將導致法院根據原告的訴訟請求作出缺席判決。中國民事訴訟法將提交答辯狀作為被告的訴訟權利,被告不提交答辯狀的,不影響法院的審理(第113條第2款);審前不提交答辯狀,到開庭審理時再陳述答辯意見,已成為被告進行「法庭突襲」一種訴訟策略。
3訴答方式。美國和德國的訴答方式都體現為「起訴、答辯、反答辯……」的互動過程。德國法的訴答方式還使爭點和攻擊防禦方法明朗化、集中化。中國的訴答方式只有起訴狀和答辯狀,但法院一般不會在審前送達給被告。就是說,中國的訴答方式是靜態的。
4訴答文書的形式要求。在德國民事訴訟中,起訴狀、答辯狀以及其他訴訟文書非常不拘形式,但它們必須指明各方當事人與法院,包括對訴訟請求的目標,請求的理由的簡要陳述和抗辯及要求。預備性訴訟書狀必須由一名律師簽署,該律師應已經獲准在特定法院執業。相比之下,在美國民事訴訟程序中,訴訟書狀十分格式化,僅僅提供一些與本案有關的具體情況,並不作出接受證據的提議。而德國訴訟程序中的訴訟書狀恰好相反,提議接受某項證據是必不可少的。中國對訴答文書的形式要求與德、美兩國比較,更不拘形式。民事訴訟法要求起訴狀中寫明訴訟請求、事實與理由、證據和證據來源以及證人姓名和地址,在實務中,起訴狀內容只要足以立案即可,並無律師簽署或附上宣誓書等特別要求。被告則僅需寫明答辯意見。
(二)准備階段
這里的「准備階段」作狹義理解,即訴答階段之外的審前階段。准備階段是審前程序的重心。只有準備階段程序化了,審前程序才真正成為相對於「開庭審理」的獨立程序。美國的審前准備主要是證據開示和審前會議,德國主要是書面訴訟准備或初步審理,中國則體現在以證據交換為核心的有關審前改革。
德國沒有證據開示程序。其理由主要在於:在德國民事訴訟中,一方當事人不能強迫對方披露其所掌握的與訴訟有關的信息。如果當事人不願提交書證,這一證據只有通過法院的命令方能獲得。這一差異與德美兩國「開庭審理」方式的不同有關。而在美國,一次性集中審理是當事人證明其主張並辯駁對方證據的唯一機會。證據開示使當事人在進入開庭審理時就已經充分准備好所有的訴訟細節。
盡管我國法律更接近於大陸法系,但在准備程序的建構上,更多的是採用英美法系的術語,但是在中國的法律文化背景下,幾乎不可能建立美國法意義上的「證據開示」,而對於「通約性」比較強的「審前會議」,也不可能與德國法上的「初步審理」相提並論。
(三)法官角色
美國法官在審前程序中呈現一定的「消極性」,崇尚當事人主義,但是法官的消極性也是令人滿意地控制拖延的關鍵。與美國相比,德國法官在訴訟中的角色顯然是積極主動的,在民事訴訟集中審理的改革中,德國人並沒有採用傳統對抗制的做法,而是賦予法官更大的指導權,指導雙方集中的對爭議的問題按時提出訴辨理由與證據。
二.完善我國民事審前准備程序的幾點建議
(一).完善民事訴訟失權制度
失權,即原有權利的喪失。民事訴訟中的失權是指當事人(含第三人)在民事訴訟中原本享有的訴訟權利因某種原因或事由的發生而喪失。和證據的功能,應建立證據失權制度。民事訴訟中失權的正義性原理源於人們對訴訟效率性和時間經濟性的認同。訴訟效率和時間的經濟性與民事訴訟失權制度的關聯點在於,欲求時間的經濟性,就必須對訴訟主體的訴訟行為在實施時間上予以限制。民事訴訟失權主要有答辯權的喪失、上訴權和申訴權的喪失、管轄權的喪失、證據提出權的喪失。審前准備程序功能的實現離不開失權制度的保障,因為如果允許證據不受時間限制可以隨時提出,答辯可以隨時進行,審前准備程序整理爭點、證據及防止訴訟突襲的設定意旨就會落空。要使審前准備程序發揮整理爭點和證據的功能,應建立答辯失權制度和證據失權制度。
1.建立答辯失權制度。被告在法定期限內未答辯,在美國和德國等國家均產生失權的效果,將導致法院根據原告的訴訟請求作出缺席判決。例如,《美國聯邦地區法院訴訟規則》規定,「民事訴訟從原告向法院提交起訴狀時開始」。而被告應訴不僅是他的權利,同時也是他的義務。被告應訴有兩種方式。第一是提交答辯狀,第二是不提交答辯狀,而提交「申請書」(即「動議」),請求法院根據法定理由駁回訴狀。《德國民事訴訟法》第273條第1款規定,「法院應及時地採取必要的准備措施。在訴訟的任何階段,法院都應該使當事人為及時而完全的陳述。」同時,當事人亦被課以兩種促進訴訟的義務:(1)一般的訴訟促進義務,即「當事人各方都應該在言詞辯論中,按照訴訟的程度和程序上的要求,在為進行訴訟所必要與適當的時候,提出他的攻擊和防禦方法,特別是各種主張、否認、異議、抗辯、證據方法和證據抗辯」(第282條第1款)。如當事人違反一般訴訟促進義務,逾期提出攻擊或防禦方法,法院有權予以駁回。(2)特殊的訴訟促進義務,即當事人應於法院所定答辯狀提出期間或反答辯狀提出期間內提出之答辯或反答辯中,依訴訟程度與訴訟程序之要求,在為進行訴訟所必要與適當時期,提出攻擊或防禦方法。此外,如果原告的事實主張不夠明確,被告甚至可以不對起訴作出任何回應,但從實務角度看,對有欠缺的訴訟請求不作出任何回應而坐等法院駁回起訴,是個極其危險的訴訟策略。所以,被告往往會在其答辯狀中陳述抗辯,提出原告的起訴不符合《民事訴訟法》的「明確標准」,否則原告的陳述將被視為沒有爭議而被採納。當法院決定採用書面准備時,它並不事先確定開庭日期,這根以前的情況一樣。在送達起訴狀的同時,法院僅僅命令被告:一是在其收到起訴狀之後兩周內,由律師書面通知法院他對訴訟是否提出抗辯。二是在由法院確定的至少兩周的期間內,提交對起訴狀的答辯狀。如果被告沒有將其抗辯的意向通知法院,法院就可根據原告的特別請求,缺席判決原告勝訴,這種特別請求可以作為起訴狀的一部分提出。當然,法院會在其命令中說明這一點的。
中國民事訴訟法將提交答辯狀作為被告的訴訟權利,被告不提交答辯狀的,不影響法院的審理(第一百一十三條第二款)。所以,在中國民事訴訟中審前不提交答辯狀,到開庭審理時再陳述答辯意見,已經成為被告進行「法庭突襲」的一種訴訟策略。如果僅要求原告提交起訴狀給被告,使被告能充分了解原告的訴訟請求及策略,而不強制被告提交答辯狀給原告,則原告無法掌握被告的主張及態度,這種做法違背了當事人訴訟權利平等原則,造成雙方對抗失衡,某種程度上是放任當事人搞訴訟突襲,使司法公正的實現打上折扣。因此,應將被告人提交答辯狀規定為一項訴訟義務。具體要求是:被告人必須在案件起訴、受理階段提交包含對原告訴訟請求基本態度、訴訟理由、證據材料等內容的答辯狀,以使原告在審前了解被告的與案件有關的信息材料。如果被告不依法答辯,則意味著其對原告訴訟請求、事實和理由的承認,從而在庭審中喪失攻防訴訟手段的權利,承擔未提交答辯狀的法律後果。
2.建立證據失權制度。由於被告在整理證據時必然提出答辯意見,故在審前程序建構中證據失權問題更為關鍵。證據開示是指一方當事人向對方當事人提供和展示與案件有關的事實、文件以及與其訴訟請求和抗辯有關的其他材料的審理前程序,目的在於它允許各方刺探對方的證據,並允許各方取得有助於證明其案件的證據,為當事人精確評估自己在審理中的獲勝機會提供依據。根據《美國聯邦地區法院訴訟規則》,「雙方當事人必須主動向對方當事人出示與請求有關的信息和證據。」否則今後將喪失提出證據的權利。法國民事訴訟實行書證優先主義,書證是最主要也是最重要的證據。在辯論以前將己方書證傳達給對方閱讀,有利於對方做好攻擊防禦准備,避免「法庭突襲」,並提高法庭辯論效率。根據法國民事訴訟法的規定,當事人在審前程序中,必須向對方送達准備書狀,傳達書證,否則其主張和證據資料將不會被法庭採納。
根據我國《民事訴訟法》第一百一十三條規定,是否答辯是當事人的訴訟權利;第一百二十五條規定,當事人可以在法庭上提出新的證據。因此,從證據方面而言,我國理論界和實務界普遍認為立法採取的是「證據隨時提出主義」。2001年最高人民法院《關於民事訴訟證據的若干規定》對此進行了變革。其第三十三條規定舉證期限可以由人民法院指定,或由當事人協商一致,並經人民法院認可。第三十四條規定「當事人應當在舉證期限內向人民法院提交證據材料,當事人在舉證期限內不提交的,視為放棄舉證權利。對於當事人逾期提交的證據材料,人民法院審理時不組織質證。但對方當事人同意質證的除外。當事人增加、變更訴訟請求或者提起反訴的,應當在舉證期限屆滿前提出。」同時,《民事證據規定》第四十一條通過限縮性解釋方式,對《民事訴訟法》第一百二十五條規定的「新的證據」范圍作出嚴格界定。因此,現在我國司法實務界已經認同並採用「證據適時提出主義」。下一步,應該從立法上加以確定並完善證據失權制度,當事人收集的證據無正當理由未經審前開示交換的,不予質證和認證,即承擔證據失效後果。
英文:In modern judicial field, whether in the civil law or in the common law, both parties to implement Marxist or Marxist terms of implementation of the civil model Pretrial proceedings have become a civil institutional coincidentally choice, have already formed their own pre-trial proceres. China's "pre-trial preparations" has become our civil justice system reform one of the important contents. In view of the current theory and practice from the United States, Britain, France, Japan and other common law and civil law theory and the differences in legal provisions for purposes of comparison, China's civil law with specific provisions to improve our civil pre-trial preparation proceres, specific loss of civil rights system (right of reply system and the loss of evidence missing evidence right), open evidence and exchange system, Pre-trial conference set up the system, and establish and improve a wide range of disputes settlement mechanism, in order to facilitate maintenance proceres fair, litigation will also be concive to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of our civil justice law more responsive to the objective needs of modernization, China's civil sound system, and realizing China's civil justice, fairness, and efficiency goals. Civil pre-trial proceres are legal parties to enter the door of the first hurdles. As a hearing before the proceedings links, although China has not become a complete preparations for the pre-trial proceres, But still with a similar requirement that the "pre-trial preparations." My pre-trial preparation is characterized by the judges led to the entities from the process of preparation, in this, Judge led preparations for the entity, that is, to fully understand the case, the investigation of the evidence necessary pre-trial preparation is the core Pretrial but rarely participate in the party, even if the parties participate, but often the court and the parties to the unilateral contacts Such practices make it difficult to guarantee that the judges neutrality and impartiality, causing formal hearing. Pretrial reform process has become China's reform of the civil justice system one of the important contents. In pre-trial preparation proceral reform debate, a few years ago. "not prepared to sit directly," the practice of many other scholars, philosophy, but practice shows, Such direct evidence sit easily lead to surprise attacks, and repeat trial and rece the efficiency of the proceedings in this way and undesirable. In view of the current theory and practice, the author intended from the United States, Britain, France, Japan and other common law and civil law theory and the differences in legal provisions for purposes of comparison, and the combination of our civil law specifies that a few civil pre-trial preparation proceres. 1. Foreign civil Pretrial proceedings in the comparative study of modern justice, whether in the civil law or common law, both parties to implement Marxist implement the terms of the civil Marxist model, Pretrial proceedings have become a civil institutional coincidentally choice, have already formed their own pre-trial proceres. Some Chinese scholars believe that this phenomenon is not accidental, which reflect the trend of development in civil proceedings. Foreign civil pre-trial preparation proceres common in this key performance areas : (1) pre-trial preparation proceres are highly valued and without the preparation proceres can not enter the court to hear and debate the creation of a German judge prepared, In each case, when the court system is prepared on the designation of a judge, who is responsible for special pre-trial preparations, and the trial court session to the other judges report the case (for the judges themselves are members of the full court), to ensure that pre-trial preparation in the courts under the command and tried to save time. France also very early on civil proceres prepared a detailed provisions. In Japan, revise the civil law of civil procere system ready to absorb the common law and civil law proceres for preparing the strengths, fully reflect the countries learn from each other and keep each other to absorb the fusion trend. (2) pre-trial preparations main objective is to prevent the court attack, to ensure fair proceedings. improve the efficiency of the proceedings pre-trial preparation in the client fully prepared on the basis of access to the court. from the fundamental guarantee for the parties to enjoy full and equal opportunities for the debate to prevent the court attack, to ensure fair proceedings. Moreover, it also can be no dispute between the parties and the idea of the evidence excluded from the scope of the court to simplify court proceedings, expedite the proceedings, the efficiency of the proceedings. (3) pre-trial preparation activities to the main parties, Judge relative weakening of the role of Germany and Japan despite the judge in the pre-trial proceedings in preparation for a relatively active role. But generally speaking, civil pre-trial preparation process or client-based activities; by the parties and determine advocacy strive, by the parties to collect and present evidence, The court decided by the trial Objects (eventually enter the court), the party decision-making process from the beginning or the end. and so on and so forth. The judge generally neutral in 1937 as part of pre-trial preparation proceres, only at most a command proceres, all of the major substantive issues by the parties to decide. fully embody the party's autonomy. Meanwhile, foreign pre-trial preparation proceres and the provisions of our country there are many different points : (1) v. FOR stage of a litigation papers served. In the United States, service of process is the plaintiff's obligation and China, Germany is the competence of the court acts. But in the specific service mode, and Germany is slightly different. German court proceedings were instruments in terms of service through the mail. To simplify proceedings, the parties by counsel. Pleadings can be served by lawyers for the service delivery should be put pleadings transmitted to the other lawyers, namely lawyers to the Bar of the service. At present, China is still litigation instruments court staff directly served mainly by mail, and other authorized service supplemented. In the high volume of cases, the court support staff relatively few cases, direct service is obviously a inefficient manner. Two did not submit pleadings legal consequences. Defendant within the statutory time limit did not reply, in the United States and Germany both have lost the right results, According to the court would result in the plaintiff's request for litigation judgment in absentia. China Civil Procere Law will be submitted to the pleadings as the defendant's right of action, the accused did not submit pleadings. Without prejudice to the trial court (Article 113, paragraph 2); Pretrial not submit pleadings, hearing that statement when the respondent, the defendant has become "the court assault" a litigation strategy. V. A three ways. The United States and Germany v. FOR embodiment of the way, "prosecution, the respondent, anti-reply ..." interactive process. Germany and France the way v. A point also made for defense and attack methods clearer concentration. China v. FOR complaint and the only way pleadings, the court generally will not reach the pre-trial to the accused. In other words, China v. FOR approach is static. 4 v. FOR instruments in the form requested. In Germany civil proceedings, the complaint, other pleadings and proceedings instruments very informal, But they must identify the parties and the courts, including the right of the claim, the reasons for the request for summary statement and defenses and requirements. Preliminary litigation pleadings must be signed by a lawyer, the counsel should have been practicing in a particular court. By contrast, the United States civil proceedings, litigation is formatted pleadings, just provide some connection with the case on the specific circumstances, the evidence does not make the proposal acceptable. German proceedings litigation pleadings to the contrary, it is proposed to accept a certain evidence is essential. V. A pair of Chinese instruments in the form of requirements and Germany, the United States, the more informal manner. Civil law requires the complaint states a claim, the facts and reasons, evidence and sources of evidence and the names and addresses of witnesses, in practice, as long as the complaint can be enough to file. no lawyers or be accompanied by an affidavit signed, and other special requirements. The defendant has just written replies. (2) preparation phase here of the "preparatory phase" narrowly understood that v. FOR stages of the pre-trial stage. Is the preparatory stage of the pre-trial proceres focus. Only the preparatory stage of the procere, pre-trial proceres before they become real as opposed to "hearing" an independent process. American pre-trial preparation is open e
㈣ 有一部美國人在中國被抓並審判,法官還飈英語的電影,叫什麼名字
回樓主
是電影《
紅色角落
》
李察基爾
的
望採納,注意回答時間哦!
㈤ 美國法官開庭和休庭都說些什麼(要英文的)
這個話不一定必須要由法官說,也可以由其助理說出來,並且聯邦回和州的法官說的答有些不同,以聯邦地區法院為例吧。
「The United States District Court for ***(地區)is now in session. The Honorable (法官名),District Judge,persiding. All persons having business before this Coure, draw near, and you shall be heard.God save the United States and this Honorable Court. Court is in session.」
上面是開庭時說的,至於休庭,沒有什麼特別的東西,通常是:The court is in recess.
㈥ 原告、被告、律師、法官 英文怎麼翻譯,在美國的叫法
1、原告:源accuser,plaintiff,complainant,,laimant,prosecutor,在美國一般叫做prosecutor
2、被告:defendant,defendant,indictee,respondent,the accused,在美國一般叫做defendant和the accused
3、律師:attorney,barrister,counsellor,gownsman,lawyer,在美國一般叫做attorney和counsellor
4、法官:judge,deemster,gownsman,judge,judiciary,justicer,law-officer,在美國一般叫做judge
(6)英語文章中國法官與美國法官擴展閱讀
美國訴訟程序:
1、民事訴訟程序採用辯論制,獨任審理;部分訴訟,特別是侵權訴訟等由陪審團裁斷,法官判決。
2、刑事訴訟程序的特點是:聯邦和若干州保留大陪審團審查重罪起訴的制度;非法取得的證據不得採納;廣泛使用審判前的「答辯交易」,辯護時,民事案件中的原告、被告律師,刑事案件中的公訴人和被告律師相互對抗爭辯,法官不主動調查,僅起「消極仲裁人」的作用。
㈦ 有沒有人能簡單介紹一下美國的法官制度啊(要英文版的)
An administrative law judge (ALJ) in the United States is an official who presides at an administrative trial-type hearing to resolve a dispute between a government agency and someone affected by a decision of that agency. The ALJ is the initial trier of fact and decision maker. ALJ's can administer oaths, take testimony, rule on questions of evidence, and make factual and legal determinations.[1] The proceeding involved with the ALJ may be similar to a summary judgment.
Procere for reviewing an ALJ's decision varies depending upon the agency. Agencies generally have an internal appellate body, with some agencies having a Cabinet secretary deciding the final internal appeals. Moreover, after the internal agency appeals have been exhausted, a party may have the right to file an appeal in the courts. Relevant statutes usually require a party to exhaust all administrative appeals before they are allowed to sue an agency in court.
Federal ALJ's are appointed under the Administrative Procere Act (APA). Their appointments are non-political and based on scores achieved in a comprehensive testing procere. Federal ALJs are the only merit-based judicial corps in the United States.
The APA is designed to guarantee the independence of ALJs. They have absolute immunity from liability for their judicial acts and are triers of fact "insulated from political influence." Federal administrative law judges are not responsible to, or subject to the supervision or direction of employees or agents of the federal agency engaged in the performance of investigative or prosecution functions for the agency. Agency officials may not interfere with their decision making and administrative law judges may be discharged only for good cause established and determined after a hearing on the record. [2]
Only, ALJ's receive these protections. Some agencies conct hearings before indivials referred to as "hearing officers" or "trial examiners." These indivials may perform functions similar to those of ALJ's, but they are not protected by the APA.
In American administrative law, ALJs are Article I judges, and are not Article III judges under the U.S. Constitution. Unlike Article III judges, Article I judges are not confirmed by the Senate. However, the United States Supreme Court has recognized that the role of a federal administrative law judge is "functionally comparable" to that of an Article III judge. An ALJs powers are often, if not generally, comparable to those of a trial judge: He may issue subpoenas, rule on proffers of evidence, regulate the course of the hearing, and make or recommend decisions. The process of agency adjudication is currently structured so as to assure that the hearing examiner exercises his independent judgment on the evidence before him, free from pressures by the parties or other officials within the agency." [3]
Most U.S. states have a statute modeled after the APA or somewhat similar to it. In some states, like New Jersey, the state law is also known as the Administrative Procere Act.
Unlike Federal ALJs, whose powers are guaranteed by the APA federal statute, state ALJs have widely varying power and prestige. In some state law contexts, ALJs have almost no power; their decisions are accorded practically no deference and become, in effect, recommendations. In some agencies, ALJs dress like lawyers in business suits, share offices, and hold hearings in ordinary conference rooms. In other agencies (particularly the Division of Workers' Compensation of the California Department of Instrial Relations), ALJs wear robes like Article III judges, insist on being called "Honorable" and "Your Honor," work in private chambers, hold hearings in special "hearing rooms" that look like little courtrooms, and have court clerks who swear in witnesses.
There are three nationwide professional organizations for ALJs: the National Association of Administrative Law Judiciary (note that there is no "the" in the NAALJ's name), the Federal Administrative Law Judges Conference, and the Association of Administrative Law Judges.
㈧ 法官的英文怎麼說
法官:
1. judge
2. a judge
3. to judge
Relative explainations:
<law-officer> <justicer> <deemster> <gownsman> <bands> <judiciary> <magistrate> <juge> <associate justice>
Examples:
1. 法官開庭時戴假發。
Judges wear wigs in court.
2. 法官把囚犯釋放了。
The judge discharged the prisoner.
3. 他是一位公正的法官。
He is an impartial judge.
4. 法官判他罰款10 美元。
The judge imposed a fine of ten dollars on him.
5. 很多人控告法官受賄。
Many people impeached the judge for taking bribes.
6. 法官將於明天做出判決。
The judge will give his decision tomorrow.
7. 法官否決了以前的判決。
The judge overruled the previous decision.
8. 法官勸告他改變生活方式。
The judge advised him to amend his way of living.
巡迴法官
judices in eyre
預審法官
examining judge
陪審法官
associate judge
巡迴法官
an itineraryjudge
專案法官
ad hoc judge
試圖賄賂法官
tried to buy a judge.
法官的職位
judicature.
懇求法官寬恕
invoke the judge's mercy
腐敗的法官
a corrupt judge
慈悲的法官
a compassionate judge
㈨ 以下案件英文原文的介紹、法官判決
http://vip.chinalawinfo.com/?bdclkid=8xJ25V9VCN5TY3Rz0FbO-ov18wrTDiG13J
㈩ 大法官的英語翻譯 大法官用英語怎麼說
大法官
[詞典] grand justice;
[例句]他為最高法院的大法版官做書記員。權
He clerked for the chief justice of the Supreme Court.