美国法院英文

❶ 求美国法院介绍

与中国、德国、法国等大陆法系国家不同，美国是实行判例法的英美法系国家。美国司法制度体现了贯彻三权分立的原则，实行司法独立，法院组织体系复杂。
概言之，美国法院组织分为联邦和地方两大系统，联邦最高法院享有特殊的司法审查权。联邦法院和州法院两大系统适用各自的宪法和法律，管辖不同的案件和地域。美国没有统一的行政法院；行政纠纷案件除由普通法院审理外，各独立机构也有权受理和裁决。此外，还有国会根据需要通过有关法令建立的特别法院，如联邦权利申诉法院等。
美国法院诸诉讼都实行“三审终审制”，不同于我国的二审终审制。联邦法院系统有三个等级的法院，即联邦最高法院(U.S.Supreme Court)、联邦巡回法院(U.S. Circuit Court)、联邦地区法院(U.S.District Court)。其中巡回法院亦称上诉法院，相当于国内的中级法院，但不直接审理一审案件。联邦地区法院则作为联邦系统的基层法院。美国五十个州划分十三个审判区域设有十三个巡回法院，一个巡回法院往往下辖数个地区法院。所有联邦法院的经费直接来源于联邦政府。与联邦法院系统相比，州法院系统的情况相对复杂。原因在于美国是联邦制国家，各州有自己的宪法，有各自的法院系统，自成体系。但州法院系统一般分为三个层次：州最高法院(State Supreme Court),州上诉法院 (Superior Court of Appellate Division)，及初审法院(County or Municipal Court)。
联邦系统法院管辖的案件主要是：①因联邦法律、条约或州宪法而系争的所谓“联邦问题案件”，包括宪法规定由最高法院初审或终审的案件，以及联邦法律规定由联邦系统的法院专属管辖的案件，如破产案件等。②双方当事人为不同国籍或州籍而且系争数额达一万美元的案件，可由当事人自行决定由联邦法院或州法院审理，但离婚案件除外。③联邦其他法院移送的案件，以及原属联邦与州双重管辖而双方当事人自愿转由联邦法院审理的案件。不属联邦法院专属管辖的案件，州法院均可管辖。至于各州之间的管辖，由于法律规定各异，与适用何州法律的冲突法问题密切相关，是美国法中争执较多、解决较难的问题。

美国法院体系：美国法院分为联邦法院和州法院两个体系。
（1）联邦法院：联邦法院是美国联邦政府的一部份，可分为普通法院和专门法院。普通法院分为三级，从下到上分别是：地方法院（district court）、上诉法院（appeal court或Court of Appeals, 除了联邦区域上诉法院）、最高法院（the Supreme Court）；专门法院有：破产法庭（bankruptcy court）、税务法庭（tax court）、国际贸易法庭（international trade court）、联邦区域上诉法院。地方法院共有94所，分散在全国各州境内，由1名法院独任审理。上诉法院有13所，是第二审级法院，上诉案件由三名法官审理；最高法院设在华盛顿，由首席法官(chief justice)1人、法官(associate justice)8人组成。最高法院法官是行使司法权的最高机构，其法官由总统经参议院三分之二的多数同意后任命，并任职终身。美国的最高法院有权对是否符合宪法行使监督权。
（2）州法院：美国各州有自己的法院系统，而且各州的法院设置有所不同。但一般来说，各州设有两个审级，即第一审法院和上诉审法院。第一审法院主要包括两类法院a. 有限管辖法院(court of limited jurisdiction)：设在市县，主要审理轻微的刑事案件和金额较小的民事案件，如违反治安，交通和金额在一万美圆以下的案件；b. 普通管辖法院(general jurisdiction courts)：对涉及州法的一般民事和刑事案件享有管辖权。上诉审法院(appellate courts)包括州的上诉法院和最高法院。

❷ 美国宪法英文版

Preamble
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
序言
我们美利坚合众国的人民，为了组织一个更完善的联邦，树立正义，保障国内的安宁，建立共同的国防，增进全民福利和确保我们自己及我们后代能安享自由带来的幸福，乃为美利坚合众国制定和确立这一部宪法。 Article I
Section 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vested
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 第一条
第一款 本宪法所规定的立法权，全属合众国的国会，国会由一个参议院和一个众议院组成。 Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.
1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 众议院应由各州人民每两年选举一次之议员组成，各州选举人应具有该州州议会中人数最多之一院的选举人所需之资格。
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
凡年龄未满二十五岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满七年，或于某州当选而并非该州居民者，均不得任众议员。
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV，前面语句已由宪法修正案XIV替代). The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 众议员人数及直接税税额，应按联邦所辖各州的人口数目比例分配，此项人口数目的计算法，应在全体自由人民－－包括订有契约的短期仆役，但不包括末被课税的印第安人－－数目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。实际人口调查，应于合众国国会第一次会议后三年内举行，并于其后每十年举行一次，其调查方法另以法律规定之。众议员的数目，不得超过每三万人口有众议员一人，但每州至少应有众议员一人，在举行人囗调查以前，各州得按照下列数目选举众议员 : 新罕布什尔三人、马萨诸塞八人、罗德岛及普罗维登斯垦殖区一人、康涅狄格五人、纽约州六人．新泽西四人、宾夕法尼亚八人、特拉华一人、马里兰六人、弗吉尼亚十人、北卡罗来纳五人、南卡罗来纳五人、乔治亚三人。
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
任何一州的众议员有缺额时，该州的行政长官应颁选举令，选出众议员以补充缺额。
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
众议院应选举该除议长及其他官员，只有众议院具有提出弹劾案的权力。
Section 3 - Senators, how and by whom chosen. How classified. State Executive, when to make temporary appointments, in case, etc. Qualifications of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try impeachments. When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence.
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State,for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
合众国的参议院由每州选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, ring the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. (The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XVII)
合众国的参议院由每州的州议会选举两名参议员组成之，参议员的任期为六年，每名参议员有一票表决权。参议员于第一次选举后举行会议之时，应当立即尽量均等地分成三组。第一组参议员的任期，到第二年年终时届满，第二组到第四年年终时届满，第三组到第六年年终时届满，俾使每两年有三分之一的参议员改选，如果在某州州议会休会期间，有参议员因辞职或其它原因出缺，该州的行政长官得任命临时参议员，等到州议会下次集会时，再予选举补缺（宪法修正案XVII对本条款做了部分修改）。
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
凡年龄未满三十岁，或取得合众国公民资格未满九年，或于某州当选而并非该州居民者，均不得任参议员
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
合众国副总统应为参议院议长，除非在投票票数相等时，议长无投票权。
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of the United States. 参议院应选举该院的其他官员，在副总统缺席或执行合众国总统职务时，还应选举临时议长。 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
所有弹劾案，只有参议院有权审理。在开庭审理弹劾案时，参议员们均应宣誓或誓愿。如受审者为合众国总统，则应由最高法院首席大法官担任主席，在末得出席的参议员的三分之二的同意时，任何人不得被判有罪。
7. Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to law. 弹劾案的判决，不得超过免职及取消其担任合众国政府任何有荣誉、有责任或有俸禄的职位之资格，但被判处者仍须服从另据法律所作之控诉、审讯、判决及惩罚。
Section 4 - Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed. One session in each year.
1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 各州州议会应规定本州参议员及众议员之选举时间、地点及程序，但国会得随时以法律制定或变更此种规定，惟有选举议员的地点不在此例。
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX，宪法修正案对此有修改) unless they by law appoint a different day. 国会应至少每年集会一次，开会日期应为十二月的第一个星期一，除非他们通过法律来指定另一个日期。
Section 5 - Membership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules, Power to punish or expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc.
1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 参众两院应各自审查本院的选举、选举结果报告和本院议员的资格，每院议员过半数即构成可以议事的法定人数，不足法定人数时，可以一天推一天地延期开会，并有权依照各该议院所规定的程序和罚则，强迫缺席的议员出席。
2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 参众两院得各自规定本院的议事规则，处罚本院扰乱秩序的议员，并且得以三分之二的同意，开除本院的议员。

❸ 试述美国法院体系与中国法院体系的比较 英语版 150个单词 大侠们 帮帮忙 先谢谢了

http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-08/13/content_1024723.htm#
这个是中国的法院体系，自学吧

❹ 求美国法院关于伤害罪的判决书，英文

http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/crim/usraymond2605jdgmnt.pdf

这是一份完整的联邦地方法院刑事案例判决书 满意请给分

❺ 请写出美国的立法部门，行政部门，司法部门的英文

美国国会（Congress，United States）是执行美国宪法规定的立法权力的机构。
美国参议院（英语：United States Senate）是美国的立法部门

总统办事机构：(Executive Office of the President)
白宫办公厅 (The White House Office)
副总统办公厅 (Office of the Vice President of the United States)
行政管理和预算局 (Office of Management and Budget)
经济顾问委员会 (Council of Economic Advisers)
国家安全委员会 (National Security Council)
美国贸易代表办公室(Office of United States Trade Representatives)
政策制定办公室 (Office of Policy Development)
科学和技术政策办公室 (Office of Science and Technology Policy)
改善环境质量委员会 (Council on Environmental Quality)
国家麻醉品控制政策办公室 (Office of National Drug Control Policy)
行政办公室 (Office of Administration)
政府各部：(Cabinet Department)
国务院 (Department of State)
财政部 (Department of Treasury)
国防部 (Department of Defense)
司法部 (Department of Justice)
商务部 (Department of Commerce)
能源部 (Department of Energy)
内政部 (Department of Interior)
农业部 (Department of Agriculture)
教育部 (Department of Ecation)
运输部 (Department of Transportation)
劳工部 (Department of Labor)
卫生与公众服务部 (Department of Health and Human services)
住房和城市发展部 (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
退伍军人事务部 (Department of Veterans Affairs)
军事机构：(Military Bodies)
国防部 (Department of Defense)
参谋长联席会议 (Joint Chiefs of Staff)
陆军 (Army)
空军 (Airforce)
海军 (Navy)
海军陆战队 (Marine Corps)
海岸警卫队 (Coast Guard)
后备役部队 (Reserves)
联合作战司令部 (United Combatant Commands)

❻ 美国联邦法院的英文拼写

American Federation Court

❼ 急求：美国司法体系概况 英文版

Jurors Get Firsthand Look at Justice System

陪审员眼中的美国司法体系

If you're an American citizen, one of your fundamental civic ties is to serve, when called, as a juror in a civil or criminal trial. I was oddly pleased to get a notice in my mailbox summoning me for jury ty. I actually looked forward to sitting with 11 other New Yorkers, all chosen as randomly as I was, to hear evidence about a crime and to play an active role in the justice system.

I arrived early at the New York State Court building with my photo ID and a day's worth of reading material, and took a seat on a wooden bench in a vast, dimly-lit hall with perhaps 200 other potential jurors.

Assembling an impartial jury is an essential element of the criminal trial process. Before we were selected to hear a case, the prosecutor, the defense attorney and the judge all questioned each of us in the courtroom, to see if we harbored prejudices that might keep us from fairly judging the defendant. They asked us such questions as "Have your ever been a victim of a crime?" "Are you more or less likely to believe a police officer than any other citizen who testifies?" "Could we assume innocence until guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt?

After a full day of this, I was selected for a burglary case. With 11 fellow jurors (and two alternates) I raised my right hand and swore an oath to be fair. We were a diverse group of people, including black, white, Latino, professional, working-class, native born and new Americans, and we ranged in age from about 25 to nearly 70 years old.

After we'd taken our seats in the section of the courtroom known as the jury box, the judge instructed us not to talk about the case -- even among ourselves -- until all the evidence had been given, and not to discuss the trial with anyone outside, either. We each had to make up our own mind.

The defendant, a 35-year-old man with a long ponytail, sitting before us in a suit and tie, had been charged with the burglary of a drugstore.

We listened to evidence in his case for two days. The defendant himself didn't testify -- it was up to the State prosecutor to provide the proof.

Witnesses were examined by the prosecution, then cross-examined by the defense. We were shown the store's security videotapes and the written warning the store says it gave the defendant -- after an earlier shoplifting incident -- that he was barred from shopping at any of the company's chain of drug stores. That letter meant the man's second attempted theft involved a more serious criminal trespass.

As the trial drew to a close, the prosecutor and the defense attorney gave us their closing arguments. Then the judge explained the law to us and how it applied to this case, and sent us to the jury room to deliberate. In order to find the defendant guilty or not guilty, we would all have to agree on a verdict.

My fellow jurors and I had become friendly ring the first couple of days of the trial, but as we deliberated we sometimes differed sharply over details of the case. We asked that portions of the testimony -- which had been carefully transcribed by a court reporter -- be read back to us. After four hours of intense argument and discussion, we all agreed to find the defendant guilty of burglary.

I was impressed by how seriously the jurors took their jobs. Even though we were all anxious to finish with the trial and get back to our lives, we all seemed to have the same sense of ty to be certain - beyond a reasonable doubt - that our verdict was justified by the evidence in the case.

I was not alone in sensing the enormity of the responsibility we had been given. I made certain to look directly at the face of the defendant when the verdict was read. I wanted to see with my own eyes whatever emotion he was feeling, and to accept responsibility for the choice I had made and what it would mean for his life. Then, just one week after it started, the trial was over, the jury was thanked, then dismissed, and we were out on the Manhattan streets saying goodbye and hailing cabs.

This is Adam Phillips in New York.

注释：

oddly [5Rdli] adv. 奇怪地

summon [5sQmEn] vt. 〈法〉传唤，传唤到庭

randomly [5rAndEmli] adv. 随便地

impartial [im5pB:FEl] adj. 公平的，无私的

prosecutor [5prRsikju:tE(r)] n. 原告；起诉人

defendant [di5fendEnt] n. 被告

innocence [5inEsEns] n. 无罪

burglary [5bE:^lEri] v. 入室行窃

fellow [5felEu] adj. 同道的

alternate [C:l5tE:nit] adj. 轮流的，预备的

ponytail [5pEuniteil] n. 马尾辫（一种发型）

drugstore [drQ^5stC:] n. <美> 药房，杂货店

shoplifting [5FCp7liftiN] n. 入店行窃

trespass [5trespEs] n. 过失，罪过

deliberate [di5libEreit] v. 商讨

verdict [5vE:dikt] n.（陪审团的）判决

testimony [5testimEni] n. 证词（尤指在法庭所作的）

transcribe [trAns5kraib] v. 转录

❽ 美国法官开庭和休庭都说些什么（要英文的）

这个话不一定必须要由法官说，也可以由其助理说出来，并且联邦回和州的法官说的答有些不同，以联邦地区法院为例吧。

“The United States District Court for ***(地区)is now in session. The Honorable (法官名)，District Judge,persiding. All persons having business before this Coure, draw near, and you shall be heard.God save the United States and this Honorable Court. Court is in session.”

上面是开庭时说的，至于休庭，没有什么特别的东西，通常是：The court is in recess.

❾ 美国政治机构的英文称呼，及中文解释。比如，国会，法院，白宫等。全一点，准一点的，考试用！

美国的司法机关主要由最高法院（The Supreme Court of the United States）、11个上诉法院（内United States Sentencing Commission） ，91个地方法院（Lower Courts），以及三容个有特别裁判权的法院（Special Courts）以及联邦司法中心（Federal Judicial Center）等机构组成。

国家安全委员会（The National Security Council ）
总统经济顾问委员会（Council of Economic Advisers）
政策研究办公室（Office of Policy Development）

❿ "美国司法部"用英语怎么说

United States Department of Justice