国际经济法FOB
A. 求国际经济法的CIF计算公式 考试用
CIF美元总价=(FOB美元单价*数量+总运费及其它杂费)/[1-(1+投保加成率)*保险费率]
CIF:成本、保险费加运费(……指定目的港)
“成本、保险费加运费”是指在装运港当货物越过船舷时卖方即完成交货。
卖方必须支付将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费和费用,但交货后货物灭失或损坏的风险及由于各种事件造成的任何额外费用即由卖方转移到买方。但是,在CIF条件下,卖方还必须办理买方货物在运输途中灭失或损坏风险的海运保险。
因此,由卖方订立保险合同并支付保险费。买方应注意到,CIF术语只要求卖方投保最低限度的保险险别。如买方需要更高的保险险别,则需要与卖方明确地达成协议,或者自行作出额外的保险安排。
CIF术语要求卖方办理货物出口清关手续。
该术语仅适用于海运和内河运输。若当事方无意越过船舷交货则应使用CIP术语。
A 卖方义务
B 买方义务
A1 提供符合合同规定的货物
卖方必须提供符合销售合同规定的货物和商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息,以及合同可能要求的、证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
B1 支付价款
买方必须按照销售合同规定支付价款。
A2 许可证、其他许可和手续
卖方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何出口许可证或其他官方许可,并在需要办理海关手续时,办理货物出口货物所需的一切海关手续。
B2 许可证、其他许可和手续
买方必须自担风险和费用,取得任何进口许可证或其他官方许可,并在需要办理海关手续时,办理货物进口及从他国过境的一切海关手续。
A3 运输合同和保险合同
a)运输合同
卖方必须自付费用,按照通常条件订立运输合同,经由惯常航线,将货物用通常可供运输合同所指货物类型的海轮(或依情况适合内河运输的船只)装运至指定的目的港。
b)保险合同
卖方必须按照合同规定,自付费用取得货物保险,并向买方提供保险单或其他保险证据,以使买方或任何其他对货物具有保险利益的人有权直接向保险人索赔。保险合同应与信誉良好的保险人或保险公司订立,在无相反明确协议时,应按照《协会货物保险条款》(伦敦保险人协会)或其他类似条款中的最低保险险别投保。保险期限应按照B5和B4规定。应买方要求,并由买方负担费用,卖方应加投战争、罢工、暴乱和民变险,如果能投保的话。最低保险金额应包括合同规定价款另加10%(即110%),并应采用合同货币。
B3 运输合同与保险合同
a)运输合同
无义务。
b)保险合同
无义务。
A4 交货
卖方必须在装运港,在约定的日期或期限内,将货物交至船上。
B4 受领货物
买方必须在卖方已按照A4规定交货时受领货物,并在指定的目的港从承运人处收受货物。
A5 风险转移
除B5规定者外,卖方必须承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,直至货物在装运港越过船舷为止。
B5 风险转移
买方必须承担货物在装运港越过船舷之后灭失或损坏的一切风险。
如买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,买方必须从约定的装运日期或装运期限届满之日起,承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下,即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限。
A6 费用划分
除B6规定者外,卖方必须支付
与货物有关的一切费用,直至已经按照A4规定交货为止;及
按照A3a)规定所发生的运费和其他一切费用,包括货物的装船费;及
按照A3b)规定所发生的保险费用;及
根据运输合同由卖方支付的、在约定卸货港的任何卸货费用;及
在需要办理海关手续时,货物出口需要办理的海关手续费用及出口时应缴纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,以及根据运输合同规定由卖方支付的货物从他国过境的费用。
B6 费用划分
除A3a)规定外,买方必须支付
自按照A4规定交货时起的一切费用;及
货物在运输途中直至到达目的港为止的一切费用,除非这些费用根据运输合同应由卖方支付;及
包括驳运费和码头费在内的卸货费,除非这些费用根据运输合同应由卖方支付;及
如买方未按照B7规定给予卖方通知,则自约定的装运日期或装运期限届满之日起,货物所发生的一切额外费用,但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下,即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限;及
在需要办理海关手续时,货物进口应交纳的一切关税、税款和其他费用,及办理海关手续的费用,以及需要时从他国过境的费用,除非这些费用已包括在运输合同中。
A7 通知买方
卖方必须给予买方说明货物已按照A4规定交货的充分通知,以及要求的任何其他通知,以便买方能够为受领货物采取通常必要的措施。
B7 通知卖方
一旦买方有权决定装运货物的时间和/或目的港,买方必须就此给予卖方充分通知。
A8 交货凭证、运输单据或有同等作用的电子讯息
卖方必须自付费用,毫不迟延地向买方提供表明载往约定目的港的通常运输单据。
此单据(如可转让提单、不可转让海运单或内河运输单据)必须载明合同货物,其日期应在约定的装运期内,使买方得以在目的港向承运人提取货物,并且,除非另有约定,应使买方得以通过转让单据(可转让提单)或通过通知承运人,向其后手买方出售在途货物。
如此运输单据有数份正本,则应向买方提供全套正本。
如买卖双方约定使用电子方式通讯,则前项所述单据可以由具有同等作用的电子数据交换(EDI)讯息代替。
B8 交货凭证、运输单据或有同等作用的电子讯息
买方必须接受按照A8规定提供的运输单据,如果该单据符合合同规定的话。
A9 查对、包装、标记
卖方必须支付为按照A4规定交货所需进行的查对费用(如核对货物品质、丈量、过磅、点数的费用)。
卖方必须自付费用,提供符合其安排的运输所要求的包装(除非按照相关行业惯例该合同所描述货物无需包装发运)。包装应作适当标记。
B9 货物检验
买方必须支付任何装运前检验的费用,但出口国有关当局强制进行的检验除外。
A10 其他义务
应买方要求并由其承当风险和费用,卖方必须给予买方一切协助,以帮助买方取得由装运地国和/或原产地国所签发或传送的、为买方进口货物可能要求的和必要时从他国过境所需的任何单据或有同等作用的电子讯息(A8所列的除外)。
应买方要求,卖方必须向买方提供额外投保所需的信息。
B10 其他义务
买方必须支付因获取A10所述单据或有同等作用的电子讯息所发生的一切费用,并偿付卖方因给予协助而发生的费用。
应卖方要求,买方必须向其提供投保所需的信息。
B. 什么地方可以找到国际经济法的英文案例
Woodtrans Navigation Corporation & SAN WAI Navigation S.A. Panama
I. Parties involved
Applicant: Woodtrans Navigation Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Woodtrans).
Applicant: Sanwai Navigation S.A Panama (hereinafter referred to as Sanwai)
Respondent: Angang Group International Trade Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Angang)
II. Main facts of the case
Angang signed a contract with Billion Golden Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Billion Golden) on Feb. 20th 1995 to sell Billion Golden hot rolling steel for 5,000 tons with FOB price for USD 295 per ton and payment by L/C. on June 30th of the same year, M.V. UNISON PRAISE owned by Woodtrans was loaded with the cargo under above contract at port of Dalian. When the cargo have been loaded on board, the carrier Merpati Lines S.A. (hereinafter referred to as Merpati) issued the original bill of lading in triplicate to Angang. The bill of lading states that: Shipper: Angang, Consignee: to order of PT Bank Bumi Daya (persero) Jakarta Rasuna Said Branch, Port of Loading: Dalian, Port of Destination: Jakarta, Weight of Cargo: 5155.520 ton. On July 21st, UNISON PRAISE arrived at the port of Jakarta, and then the carrier delivered the cargo to the Notify party listed in bill of lading without presentation of the same after the cargo was discharged from the vessel. Upon receipt of the shipped clean bill of lading issued by the carrier, Angang then submitted to the issuing bank through Anshan Branch of China the whole set of documents including original bill of lading, commercial invoice to settle the payment. The value of cargo as recorded by the invoice amounts to USD 1,520,878.4. Above documents are transferred to the issuing bank on July 8th and rejected by the issuing bank because of inconsistence with L/C. Angang received the returned bill of lading and the invoice on August 20th. Woodtrans is the registry owner of the carrying vessel UNISON PRAISE. M.V UNISON GREAT arrested by Dalian Maritime Court and owned by Woodtrans is the sister vessel of UNISON PRAISE. On April 16th 1996, Woodtrans sold UNISON GREAT to Sanwai who changed the name of vessel to SAN WAI. Through the statement from Panama Public Registry Authority, the owner of UNISON PRAISE did not logout the registry. As a result, the owner of this vessel is still Woodtrans.
III. The original judgment of the case
Dalian Maritime Court tried the case and decided that: Since the carrier Merpati issued the bill of lading and delivered the cargo to UNISON PRAISE to undertake the carriage, Woodtrans is in the legal position of actual carrier as provided by Maritime Code of P.R.C. The Bill of Lading is the evidence of contract of goods by sea, and the certificate for title and documents against which the carrier guarantee to deliver the cargo. When the shipper holds the bill of lading, the relationship of right and liability between the carrier and the holder shall be defined as the provisions of bill of lading. It is the legal responsibility of the carrier to deliver the cargo upon presentation of original bill of lading according to the law. According to Article 61 of Maritime Code, it is also the responsibility of the actual carrier to delivery the cargo against the surrendering of bill of lading. Under the time charter party, even the charterer is entitled to direct the master concerning the operation of vessel as provided by Article 136 of Maritime Code, the instruction made by the carrier in the name of the charterer to the master to deliver the cargo without presentation of bill of lading has not only exceed the legal right of the charterer but also violated the forcible obligation for the carrier and the actual carrier to delivery the cargo against the presentation of bill of lading. Woodtrans knew its forcible obligation to delivery the cargo against the presentation of bill of lading but still violated this obligation, which constitutes an illegal act done with intent and shall not be entitled to benefit from the exemption and the limitation of liability as provided by bill of lading and therefore shall take complete responsibility for the losses suffered by Angang. Meantime, Dalian Maritime Court also determined that the flag of SANWAI is Panama. When exercising the arrest of vessel, the identification of the ownership of SANWAI (original UNISON GREAT) shall apply the law of Panama in accordance with Article 270 of Maritime Code. According to Article 1083 and 1089 of Maritime Code of Panama, under any circumstances, the transference of vessel’ ownership would not act against the third party without registry at public authority. Although the buyer obtained the UNISON GREAT, Woodtrans did not register the transference of ownership at public registry authority at Panama when the vessel was arrested by Dalian Maritime Court. Therefore, the vessel still owned by Woodtrans when the court exercised arrest of the vessel. The objection raised by Sanwai with the court is the legal owner of the vessel shall not be sustained. Hence, the court made a judgment: Woodtrans shall compensate Angang for the loss of cargo in amount of RMB 12,700,000 and the interests thereto in rate of 10.98% per month counting from August 20th 1995 to the date the payment actually being paid; dismiss the claim filed by Sanwai who is in a position of owner in claiming for the incorrect arrest of vessel against Angang. Woodtrans and Sanwai refused to accept the judgment of first trial and filed an appeal with the Liaoning Higher People’s Court. The Liaoning Higher People’s Court heard the case and decided that: Angang is the legal holder of the bill of lading who, under the provision of Maritime Code and internal maritime practice, is entitled to claim for the losses of cargo against Woodtrans who delivered the cargo without presentation of bill of lading. Although Woodtrans entered into a time charter party with Merpati, the act of delivery of cargo without presentation of bill of lading was done by UNISON PRAISE ring the performance of time charter party and Woodtrans therefore could not be exempted from the legalized liability. Since UNISON PRAISE carried the cargo under the bill of lading, Woodtrans as the owner of the vessel has acted as the actual carrier under Maritime Code. It is the responsibility not only of the carrier but also the actual carrier to deliver the cargo to the holders who surrender the original bill of lading. Without presentation of original bill of lading, the cargo was delivered to the Notify Party recorded in bill of lading and all the losses suffered by Angang shall be compensated fully by the liability party. UNISON PRAISE owned by Woodtrans shall oblige herself according to the law of China and international maritime practice. Her obeying of the instruction of carrier in delivering of cargo without presentation of bill of lading did not satisfy the condition for exemption, although she enjoyed the right to recourse the losses thereto against the instructor. Therefore the reason for appeal of Woodtrans shall not be supported by the Higher People’s Court. The appeal filed by Sanwai is concerned with objection to the arrest of the vessel before instating an action and is lack of basis for facts and laws because the facts was ascertained at the original proceres for preservation. The appeal has not interested relationship with the concerned disputes of delivery of cargo without presentation of bill of lading and is not provided with the independent claim as required by the law. This appeal is overruled by the court. In the end, Liaoning Higher People’s Court rejected the appeal and affirmed the original judgment.
IV. How is the leading case made:
C. (国际经济法案例)印尼某公司与非洲某公司签订一份FOB合同。
FOB术语由卖方负责将货物装上买方指定的货船运输,卖方负责该批货物的出专关清关手续和费用,属买方负责入关清关手续和费用。货物运输保险由买方负担。
本案中,非洲公司未及时通知印尼公司轮船船号,到达时间和到达港,因此应当承担货物丢失的损失。另外,货物的海上运输保险应当有买方在收到卖方提供的发货单据后自行联系办理。
希望可以帮到你!
D. 国际经济法案例分析
(1)A公司的辩称不成立。A公司I1月25日发出的要约是不可撤销的。
(2)A公司与B公司之间的买回卖合同有效答。
本案涉及到要约的撤回与撤销的问题。要约的撤回是指要约生效前要约人将其取消。根据《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》第15条的规定,一项要约,即使是不可撤销的,也可以撤回,要撤回要约的通知于该要约到达受要约人之前,或与该要约同时送达受要约人。所谓要约的撤销是指要约生效后,受要约人作出承诺前,要约人将其取消。根据该《公约》第16条的规定,要约是可以撤销的,但撤销通知须于受要约人作出承诺之前送达受要约人。但这项规定有一定限制,根据该《公约》第16条第2款的规定,在下列情况下,要约一旦生效,即不得撤销:第一,在要约申已载明了承诺的期限,或者以其他方式表明它的不可撤销性。第二,受要约人有理由信赖该项要约是不可撤销的,并已本着对该要约的信赖行事。本案中A公司的要约注明了有效期是1991年12月30日,故而是不可撤销的。B公司的承诺于有效期内到达,所以合同视为成立。
E. 问下关于国际经济法中关于FOB还有承运责任的问题
卖方的主张是不合理的,在FOB术语下,货物在越过船舷后才将风险转移给买方,由你所说的回,货物是在越过船舷前损答坏的,此时的风险还没有转移,还是在卖方这边,所以应该是卖方负责,风险是有承运人造成,但是那也应该是卖方去找承运人索赔,而买方应该是直接向卖方索赔的
F. 司考国际经济法:几种主要贸易术语
FCA(货交承运人)。该术语是适用最广泛的一个贸易术语,可以适用于一切运输方式。版此外其交货分两种权情况,卖方承担不同的责任。
FOB(装运港船上交货)。FOB术语后标出的是装运港的名称。如FOB上海,表明该批货物的装运港是上海。
CIF和CFR.CIF是常用的一个贸易术语,与FOB不同,CIF术语后标明的是卸货港的名称,如CIF大连,表明该批货物的卸货港是大连。
CPT和CIP.CPT指卖方向其指定的承运人交货,但卖方还必须支付将货物运至目的地的运费。货物的风险自货物交给第一承运人时转移。在法律特征上CPT与CFR对应,不同的是CFR只适用于海运和内河航运,而CPT适用于各种运输方式。
G. 国际经济法之贸易术语
E组(EXW) 启运
F组(FCA FAS FOB) 主要运费未付
C组(CFR CIF CPT CIP)主要运费已付
D组(DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP) 到达
国际经济法内是指调整国家之间;国容际组织之间;国家与国际组织之间;国家与他国私人之间;国际组织与私人之间以及不同国籍私人之间,相互经济关系的法律规范的总称。它是随着各国之间贸易和经济往来日益增长以及国家对贸易和经济活动的干预日益加强而形成和发展的。早在中世纪末期,欧洲主要商业城市就有一些关于国际商业交易的规则。第二次世界大战后,有关国际经济关系的法律规则和制度大量出现 ,并具有了国家之间条约的形式。作为一门学科,国际经济法学也于第二次世界大战后,逐渐发展起来。
H. 国际经济法 案例分析
案例分析如下
2001年12月,中国深圳某公司与德国一公司签订了6万箱 芦笋罐头出口合同,合同约定:1. 价格条件为FOB青岛;目的地为汉堡;装船时间为2002年6月;2. 深圳公司负责联系船舶,德公司开立以深圳公司为收益人的不可撤销信用证。合同签订后,深圳公司依约备好货物,德国公司也开立了信用证。但由于船舶紧张,深圳公司联系不到运输船舶,于是致函德公司要求派船;并称:根据《 Incoterms2000》,FOB条件下,作为买方的德公司应自己来订立 货物运输合同并承担其费用。德公司回复:双方合同并未约定适用《Incoterms2000》退一步讲,即使适用,由于合同已明确约定深圳公司负责船舶事宜,这一约定应优先于Incoterms2000,深圳公司必须根据合同履行联系船舶义务。双方因而发生争议,致合同未能履行。双方均要求对方承担 违约责任。
问题: (1)本案是否适用《 联合国国际销售合同公约》?为什么?
(2)Incoterms2000可否适用于本案?为什么?
(3)双方之间联系运输船舶的责任应由谁承担?为什么?
答案:
1、适用。合同双方没有排除公约的适用,则公约自动适用于他们之间的买卖合同。
2、适用。Incoterms2000是国际惯例,双方选择了FOB,意味着双方的合同适用通则。 3、按FOB,应由德国公司负责安排运输,但合同双方可以对其项下的内容进行不同的约定。从题中所述,双方合同中已明确约定由深圳公司负责安排运输,则这个约定是有效的,应该由深圳公司联系运输船舶。
I. 国际经济法案例分析题
1、纽约公司A向巴黎公司B采购一批物品,货款结算方式为信用证,纽约花旗银行2015年5月内4日开出一份信用证,编号为L/C3426。本容笔业务发票编号为95E03LC001,价值为10000.00美元,约定出票后30天付款,2015年5月13日B公司开具一张以纽约花旗银行为付款人的远期汇票。
(1)请根据以上内容制作一张汇票
(2)请以花旗银行名义对这张汇票进行承兑。
(3)B公司将这张汇票背书转让给了法国的C公司,请帮助B公司做一个记名背书。
J. 国际经济法案例,请帮忙解答一下!
()卖方对火灾损毁货物不承担责任。根据《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》A5,B5,在指定的船只未按时到达的情况下,买方自约定的交货日期或交货期限届满之日起承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险, 但以该项货物已正式划归合同项下,即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为合同项下之货物为限。本案中,卖方备好货物后将其单独存放于上海港码头标准仓库。由于承运人船期安排的原因,指定船舶于8月20日到达上海港装货,此时风险已经由卖方转移于买方。
(2)卖方对变质货物承担责任。根据CISG
第三十五条
(1)卖方交付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格相符,并须按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。
(2)除双方当事人业已另有协议外,货物除非符合以下规定,否则即为与合同不符:
(d)货物按照同类货物通用的方式装箱或包装,如果没有此种通用方式,则按照足以保全和保护货物的方式装箱或包装。
(3)如果买方在订立合同时知道或者不可能不知道货物不符合同,卖方就无须按上一款(a)项至(d)项负有此种不符合同的责任。
第三十六条
(1)卖方应按照合同和本公约的规定,对风险移转到买方时所存在的任何不符合同情形,负有责任,即使这种不符合同情形在该时间后方始明显。
部分货物因包装不符合同约定而发生变质,卖方违反了35条规定的义务,应当承担责任。