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具有同等的法律效力翻譯

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㈠ 請教一段合同翻譯(漢譯英),多謝了!!!!

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請教一段合同翻譯(漢譯英),多謝了!!!!
懸賞分:200 - 離問題結束還有 14 天 5 小時
一、經甲乙雙方友好協商就乙方向甲方購買××產品一事雙方達成下列約定:
甲方產品如達不到乙方質量要求,應由乙方出示詳實之實驗報告。甲方根據乙方報告反饋,對本次采購之產品給予調換。始終達不到乙方要求的,甲方給予退貨。

二、本合同以傳真方式遞送,故本合同傳真件視同原件,並具同等法律效力
三、交貨期限:先打款後發貨,款到後7日內發貨。
四、質量和技術要求:按甲方正常標准或依據圖紙執行。
五、交貨地點: 送達乙方指定地點。
六、運輸方式:EMS
七、運輸及包裝費用由乙方承擔。運費人民幣××元。
八、包裝方式:依據甲方正常包裝。
九、驗收標准和期限:數量及外觀無缺陷,質量合乎正常標准或書面約定;驗收期限為:收到貨物後3個工作日內。
十、結算方式:合同簽署之日起3日內一次性付清全款。
十一、甲方付款信息:
十二、爭議解決:雙方友好協商,質量爭議依據中華人民共和國法定標准執行。
十三、未盡事宜:雙方友好協商解決。
問題補充:請勿機譯,謝謝各位!!
提問者:記住每一天 - 魔法師 五級

答復共 16 條
太長了啊,你自己先試著譯一下,我幫改
回答者:lincoln121 - 秀才 二級 1-24 16:03

用金山快譯不就OK了,再自己改改
回答者:xiangs111 - 見習魔法師 二級 1-24 16:05

1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.

2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect.

3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.

4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.

5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.

6、the mode of transport : EMS

7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.

8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.

9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.

10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.

11、The buyer payment information .

12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.

13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:_yin - 江湖新秀 五級 1-24 16:20

One by friendly consultation on the B consists of the purchase of X proct has to be accountable following an agreement reached between the two sides : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return. Second, this contract by facsimile transmission, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect. Third, delivery, after sales in the period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment. Fourth, quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation. Fifth, service delivery locations : B designated locations. 6, 7 EMS mode of transport : transport and packaging costs borne by the B side. Freight × × billion yuan. 8 packaging : packing normal buyer basis. 9 acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods. 10, the settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum. 11, the buyer payment information : 12 : friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute. 13, not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:nana7123ox - 門吏 二級 1-24 16:25

用網頁上的在線翻譯經常錯.有時候錯得很離譜的.你找學校的英語教授幫幫你,最好是外教.
回答者:milo寶貝 - 試用期 一級 1-24 16:34

1. This contract is made by the following Buyer and the Seller(..) , whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to Buy the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

2.The contract is valid after signed and sealed. Any oral agreement or written ones made before this contract shall be void and null after the finalization of this contract. And any modification of the contract should be confirmed by both parties in written form. The contract is made and finalized in two counterparts each in Chinese and English versions both in quadruplicate, the Buyer and the Seller hold two copies each, and the Chinese version shall prevail.

3.Time limit of delivery:shipment by T/T in advance within seven days.

4.Quanlity and Specifications:Following seller or refer to blueprint.

5.Delivery point:Buyer plight place to ship.

6.Transport: EMS

7.The transport and package fee by buyer as RMB___.

8.Packaging: According to seller's.

9.Acceptance level and date:quantity and surface is right and quantity is suitbale for standard and blue print;acceptance date:shippment within 3 days.

10.payments:T/T prepaid wihtin 3days by agreement.

11.Bank details of seller:

12.Arbitration:In case of disputes, arbitration shall be made in _______in accord with the china stipulations.

13.others:
回答者:leoliu0909 - 助理 三級 1-24 16:35

5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.
回答者:我該如何說抱歉 - 助理 三級 1-24 16:48

到google上譯嘛,應該可以正句譯。好快的。
(電腦就是比人腦方便,呵呵)
回答者:綿羊羊 - 見習魔法師 二級 1-24 17:37

合同翻譯很麻煩的,如果你是需要和外商簽定合同,不妨讓他們提供合同的英文版,然後你們再翻譯為中文,這樣第一可以保護你的利益,因為解釋方在你,第二可以避免產生歧義.我的親身經歷通過自己提供的合同的英文翻譯版使得一批貨物延遲出港,所以小心為妙!如果你不是老闆,可以向你的老闆建議,這對於對方絕對是樂意接受的,因為很尊重對方.如果對方強制要求你給英文合同往往不懷好意哦!
回答者:小君是蝸牛 - 試用期 一級 1-24 17:49

1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.

2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile

3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.

4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.

5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.

6、the mode of transport : EMS

7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.

8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.

9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.

10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.

11、The buyer payment information .

12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.

13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:松間之明月 - 魔法學徒 一級 1-24 19:15

葙卌 .【http://JIabIn_163.cOm.PhoTo.163.CoM】

參考資料:葙卌 .【http://JIabIn_163.cOm.PhoTo.163.CoM】
回答者:yanzaoguang - 試用期 一級 1-24 20:32

一、經甲乙雙方友好協商就乙方向甲方購買××產品一事雙方達成下列約定:
甲方產品如達不到乙方質量要求,應由乙方出示詳實之實驗報告。甲方根據乙方報告反饋,對本次采購之產品給予調換。始終達不到乙方要求的,甲方給予退貨。

二、本合同以傳真方式遞送,故本合同傳真件視同原件,並具同等法律效力。
三、交貨期限:先打款後發貨,款到後7日內發貨。
四、質量和技術要求:按甲方正常標准或依據圖紙執行。
五、交貨地點: 送達乙方指定地點。
六、運輸方式:EMS
七、運輸及包裝費用由乙方承擔。運費人民幣××元。
八、包裝方式:依據甲方正常包裝。
九、驗收標准和期限:數量及外觀無缺陷,質量合乎正常標准或書面約定;驗收期限為:收到貨物後3個工作日內。
十、結算方式:合同簽署之日起3日內一次性付清全款。
十一、甲方付款信息:
十二、爭議解決:雙方友好協商,質量爭議依據中華人民共和國法定標准執行。
十三、未盡事宜:雙方友好協商解決。
翻譯如下:
1. This contract is made by the following Buyer and the Seller(..) , whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to Buy the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.

2.The contract is valid after signed and sealed. Any oral agreement or written ones made before this contract shall be void and null after the finalization of this contract. And any modification of the contract should be confirmed by both parties in written form. The contract is made and finalized in two counterparts each in Chinese and English versions both in quadruplicate, the Buyer and the Seller hold two copies each, and the Chinese version shall prevail.

3.Time limit of delivery:shipment by T/T in advance within seven days.

4.Quanlity and Specifications:Following seller or refer to blueprint.

5.Delivery point:Buyer plight place to ship.

6.Transport: EMS

7.The transport and package fee by buyer as RMB___.

8.Packaging: According to seller's.

9.Acceptance level and date:quantity and surface is right and quantity is suitbale for standard and blue print;acceptance date:shippment within 3 days.

10.payments:T/T prepaid wihtin 3days by agreement.

11.Bank details of seller:

12.Arbitration:In case of disputes, arbitration shall be made in _______in accord with the china stipulations.

13.others:
你看看吧,做個參考。
回答者:tt8216 - 試用期 一級 1-24 20:50

1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.

2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect.

3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.

4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.

5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.

6、the mode of transport : EMS

7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.

8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.

9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.

10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.

11、The buyer payment information .

12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.

13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:_yin - 江湖新秀 五級 1-24 16:20

One by friendly consultation on the B consists of the purchase of X proct has to be accountable following an agreement reached between the two sides : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return. Second, this contract by facsimile transmission, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect. Third, delivery, after sales in the period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment. Fourth, quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation. Fifth, service delivery locations : B designated locations. 6, 7 EMS mode of transport : transport and packaging costs borne by the B side. Freight × × billion yuan. 8 packaging : packing normal buyer basis. 9 acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods. 10, the settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum. 11, the buyer payment information : 12 : friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute. 13, not entirely : The friendly consultation.
.
回答者:E浪人 - 秀才 二級 1-24 21:34

一、 經甲乙雙方友好協商就乙方向甲方購買××產品一事雙方達成下列約定:
1. By friendly negotiation of the two parties, the first party and the second party reach the following agreement against the second party buy*** from the first party:(也可譯成party A,partyB,看你的喜好了)
甲方產品如達不到乙方質量要求,應由乙方出示詳實之實驗報告。甲方根據乙方報告反饋,對本次采購之產品給予調換。始終達不到乙方要求的,甲方給予退貨。
If the first party』s procts could not meet the quality requirement of the second party, the second party should display a detailed experiment report. According to the feedback of the second party』s report, the first party agrees to exchange the proct of this purchasing. If it could not meet the requirement of the second party all the time, the first party agrees to return the proct.
二、本合同以傳真方式遞送,故本合同傳真件視同原件,並具同等法律效力。
2. This contract is transmitted by FAX, so the facsimile is regarded as the original contract and have the same legal effect.
三、交貨期限:先打款後發貨,款到後7日內發貨。
3. Delivery terms: payment must be paid before the proct being delivered; the proct must be delivered within 7 days after receiving the payment.
四、質量和技術要求:按甲方正常標准或依據圖紙執行。
4. Quality and specifications: executed submitting to the normal standard of the first party or according to the drawing.
五、交貨地點: 送達乙方指定地點。
5. Delivery point: deliver to the specific place appointed by the second party
六、運輸方式:EMS
6. Type of transport: EMS
七、運輸及包裝費用由乙方承擔。運費人民幣××元。
7. The second party bears the freight and packing expense. The freight RMB****YUAN
八、包裝方式:依據甲方正常包裝。
8. Manner of packing: according to the normal packing of the first party.
九、驗收標准和期限:數量及外觀無缺陷,質量合乎正常標准或書面約定;驗收期限為:收到貨物後3個工作日內。
9. acceptance criterion and term: the quantity and appearance are defect-free, quality meet the normal standard or written agreement; the acceptance term is :within three working days after receipt of the procts
十、結算方式:合同簽署之日起3日內一次性付清全款。
10. Method of payment: payment must be pay off within three days since the signing of the contract.
十一、甲方付款信息:
11. Payment information of the first party:
十二、爭議解決:雙方友好協商,質量爭議依據中華人民共和國法定標准執行。
12. Settlement of dispute: friendly negotiations by the two parties, the quality dispute are executed according to the legal standard of the People』s Republic of China.
十三、未盡事宜:雙方友好協商解決。
13. Matters not concerned on the contract: settlement by friendly negotiation of the two parties.
回答者:mrchangyong - 舉人 四級 1-24 21:49

A, through A B both parties are friendly to negotiate the second party purchase ° from the first party the proct of × × one matter both parties reach following engagement:
If the first party's proct could not reach the second party quality a request, should be posted notice a thorough experiment report by the second party.The first party reports feedback according to the second party, giving to transpose to the proct of this purchase.Could not reach the second party to request always of, the first party gives to reject goods.

Two, this contract be delivered with fax method, past origin contract fax the piece see as an original piece, and have equal legal effect.
Three, deliver goods term:Deliver goods after beating a style first, the style arrives behind on the 7th inside hair goods.
Four, quality and technique request:Press the first party normally standard or carry out according to the diagram paper.
Five, place of delivery:Sending to the second party specifies a location.
Six, conveyance method:EMS
Seven, conveyance and packing charges be undertaken by the second party.Freight renminbi × × dollar.
Eight, packing method:Pack normally according to the first party.
Nine, acceptance standard and term:Amount and external appearance have no blemish, the quality conforms to normally standard or written form engagement;Check and accept term for:After receiving goods inside 3 workdays.
Ten, balance of accounts method:The day that the contract signs since on the 3rd inside 1 time pay in full a whole style.
11, the first party pay an information:
12, dispute to solve:Both parties amity consultation, quality controversy according to the People's Republic of China legal standard performance.
13, don't matter of exerting:The both parties' friendly consultation solves.
回答者:zygslqm - 助理 二級 1-25 03:24

電腦翻譯了一定要人工修改一下!!
回答者:marx00072002 - 童生 一級 1-25 09:36

我也來回答:
回答即可得2分,回答被採納則獲得懸賞分以及獎勵20分。 積分規則
回答字數在10000字以內

參考資料:
如果您的回答是從其他地方引用,請表明出處。

匿名回答

&;2007 Bai

㈡ 本協議一式三份,協議雙方各執一份,報政府機構備案一份,具有同等法律效力 翻譯成英文

This agreement is worked out in triplicate, one for each party, and government record, which have equal legal effect.

希望可以幫到你版!權

㈢ 本協議正本一式二份,雙方簽字蓋章後生效,甲乙雙方各執一份,具同等法律效力。用日語怎麼翻譯

本契約の元の復制、発効後、両當事者が署名と封印、同じ法的効果のコピーで武裝両側

㈣ 日語翻譯:本協議一式兩份,雙方各執一份,具有相同法律效力。

本契約は一式二部,各一部ずつ持って保管する,同じ 法律効果を持っている。

合同的用語具有約定俗成性,在翻譯時要盡可能使用日語中對應的合同用語,以體現合同文本的規范性,切忌生造和照搬。

日語中有許多漢語詞,而且有許多同形詞,但它們經常同形而不同義,在翻譯中尤其要對這些詞的含義和用法准確把握。

例如,「公司成立」這里的「成立」在日語中不用「成立」,而用「設立」,前者表示「滿足必要條件,獲得有關方面認可」之意,比如:合同成立、理由成立等。

「授權委託書」也不能翻譯為「授権委託書」,它在日語中的對應語是「委任狀」。「糾紛」不能譯為「紛糾」,而應譯為「紛爭」,有時譯為「疑義」。

另外,在合同中,合同的「修改」一般不說「修正」,而說「変更」,帶有客觀的色彩。又如,「辦理手續」如果逐詞翻譯為「手続を取り扱う」,不僅不符合日語習慣,而且意義不清。所以,准確的用詞是准確表達的前提條件。

(4)具有同等的法律效力翻譯擴展閱讀:

在翻譯合同的時候,一定要在透徹理解的基礎上,按照日語合同的思維習慣翻譯,不能用日常用語去翻譯。

看以下兩段翻譯:

例1:未盡事宜,由雙方本著平等互利的精神協商解決。

譯文1:本契約に盡きない事由については、雙方は平等互恵の精神にもとづき、協議の上解決する。

譯文2:本契約に定めのない事項については、平等互恵の精神にのっとり、甲乙協議の上解決するものとする。

譯文1完全按照字面意義去翻譯,譯者沒有查閱相關資料,只是憑著日常的詞彙和語法翻譯,所以不像日語合同的文字。

「未盡事宜」是合同中的常用句,不能理解為「不盡的事由」,正確的理解是「(本合同中)沒有規定的事項」,日語中有完全對應的說法,即「本契約に定めのない事項については」。日語中的「事由」表示事情的原因,顯然使用不當。

㈤ 法律效力的英語翻譯 法律效力用英語怎麼說

法律效力
詞典act of law:[經] 法律規則, 法律行為。
詞典force of law:[法] 法律效版力。
詞典legal effect:法律效果權。
詞典legal validity:[經] 法律上的效力。
詞典force adeffect:法律效力。

㈥ 翻譯:本合同中英文版本一式兩份,具有同等法律效力

根據是中英文版本,翻譯成英文如下:

The contract is in English and Chinese in two copies, with the same legal effect.

合同效力,指依法成立受法律保護的合同,對合同當事人產生的必須履行其合同的義務,不得擅自變更或解除合同的法律拘束力,即法律效力。

這個「法律效力」不是說合同本身是法律,而是說由於合同當事人的意志符合國家意志和社會利益,國家賦予當事人的意志以拘束力,要求合同當事人嚴格履行合同,否則即依靠國家強制力,要當事人履行合同並承擔違約責任。


(6)具有同等的法律效力翻譯擴展閱讀

合同翻譯過程中要注意如下錯誤:

一、合同時間條款的翻譯

合同中有嚴格的有效時間范圍,翻譯時必須按照原文設定的時間來翻譯。翻譯一定要看清,是截止到什麼時間還是介於什麼時間之間,否則其差別往往會引起合同雙方的爭執。

二、合同中金額條款

合同中的金額翻譯也是容易出錯的地方,翻譯時必須注意,不得差露、塗改甚至是偽造。要正確使用貨幣符號和小數點,不同的貨幣符號代表不同國家的貨幣,小數點代表分節號,稍有疏忽其後果就不堪設想。合同翻譯時國際貿易中最為常見的翻譯類型,但並不是比較容易的翻譯。相反,合同翻譯是很復雜、很重要的翻譯,若譯文不準確或者不規范勢必引起合同雙方的經濟糾紛。我們經常有看到新聞因為合同中一個小數點點錯而造成金額上的巨大不同,合同翻譯一定要嚴謹、仔細再仔細,不能出一點差錯。

三、合同責任條款中連詞和介詞的使用

責任條款是明確規定雙方責任許可權和范圍的,常常使用連詞和介詞的固定結構,但是如果不能正確理解合同條款的意思,使用不同的介詞或者連詞,翻譯之後的內容就會與原文大相徑庭。

㈦ 列強為何在鴉片戰爭僅14年後就發動第二次鴉片戰爭

第二次鴉片戰爭的根本原因只有一條,那就是資本主義侵略者的利益最大化未能得到滿足。

《南京條約》等一系列不平等條約簽訂後,西方列強雖然從中國取得了許多特權,但還要取得更多的特權。它們還要求在中國實現鴉片貿易合法化,要求在中國全境通商,要求在北京設立使館。澳大利亞社會科學院院士黃宇和教授近年研究第二次鴉片戰爭,他的最新 研究成果證明,英國之所以發動這場戰爭,很大程度是要逼迫清政府把鴉片貿易合法化,以保障當時英國在華最大的經濟利益———鴉片貿易。(13)謀求在華的全面經濟與政治利益,這是它們的根本利益所在。這個根本利益拿不到手,新的一場侵略戰爭遲早是要爆發的,問題只在發動戰爭的時機和借口而已。
《南京條約》第二款:「自今以後,大皇帝恩准英國人民帶同所屬家眷,寄居大清沿海之廣州、福州、廈門、寧波、上海等五處港口,貿易通商無礙;且大英國君主派設領事、管事等官,駐該五處城邑。」這就是說,一般英國人可以居住在港口,外交官則可以住在城邑。中方認為,按中文字義,城邑不一定指城內,條約未給英國人入城的權利。《南京條約》英文本把中文本中的「港口」和「城邑」通通翻譯成Cities and Towns。英方認為Cities and Towns就可以指城內,因此,英國外交官和一般英國人都可以入城。中英雙方在條約約文的理解上,發生了很大歧異。按照歐洲人的國際法,《南京條約》的兩種文本(當時沒有第三種文本)具有同等的法律效力。條約簽字時未聲明以哪種文本為准,在文本的解釋發生歧義時,應允許各方各執己見。事實上,這兩個文本都是英國提供的。這就造成了入城和反入城的同一法律來源的不同解釋。在中方看來,英人要求全面履行條約的理由不充分。其實中國官方在英國的壓力下,已經同意英國人可以入城。但是廣州城廂內外社團、士紳堅決不同意英國人入城,甚至不惜開戰,官方只得以「民情未協」為由,推遲入城的時間。鴉片戰爭期間英軍的暴行和鴉片戰爭後多起英人恃強作惡的中外糾紛事件,是造成廣州民眾仇外情緒的一個基本原因。從歷史的角度看,廣州民眾的仇外情緒當時有其存在的合理性,廣州民眾反入城斗爭當時有其發生的條件要求修約,則是西方列強企圖從中國拿到更多權益的策略手段。早在1853年,英國就利用最惠國待遇和中美《望廈條約》第34款有關12年後貿易及海面各款稍可變更的規定向中方提出修約要求。這年5月,英國政府訓令駐華公使文翰提出修訂《南京條約》問題,要他向中方提出:中國應毫無保留地給英國人開放全部城市和港口,英國人走遍全中國不受任何限制。文翰接到訓令時,太平軍北伐部隊已攻進天津附近,文翰感到太平軍與清政府之間誰勝誰負難料,就把訓令擱置起來。7月,美國向清政府提出幫助鎮壓太平軍作為誘餌,以修約擴大在華權益。清政府懷疑美國的動機,沒有接受。其實,研究帝國主義侵華歷史的學者早已指出,英國要求修訂《南京條約》是沒有任何根據的,因為《南京條約》是一項政治條約,不是商約,沒有修訂的規定;而修約本身不能包括在最惠國待遇之內。(15)英國利用中國當局不了解歐洲人的國際關系知識,加以蒙哄和欺詐,清政府只有被牽著鼻子走了。

1854年,英國、美國、法國都積極活動修約。但是對於英國來說,採取戰爭行動解決修約問題的時機沒有成熟。最大的原因是,英、法聯盟正與俄國為分割和奴役土耳其打著克里米亞戰爭,英國的軍力布置在克里米亞戰場上。所以英國政府訓令包含修約談判中要嚴格避免使用武力,只要中國承認修約的原則,實際談判不必馬上進行。1855年,美國任命傳教士伯駕為駐華公使,給伯駕的任務,是要他從清政府取得公使駐京、無限制擴大貿易以及取消對個人自由的任何限制等三項主要權利。伯駕知道,《望廈條約》只規定了12年後作細小的修改,但他認為:「為了達到各國政府的最大利益,不僅細小的修改,而且激烈的變更是必不可少的」,為此「必須採取強硬手段」。(16)他在來華前,遍訪了倫敦和巴黎外交部,取得了一致意見。1855年8月,伯駕希望北上渤海灣,逼迫北京政府舉行修約談判。包令說:「用孤單的行動而不伴以強大的軍事壓力,就沒有希望從中國取得任何重要的讓步」。(17)因為各國軍艦尚未調到遠東來,沒有軍力支持,這次北上行動未能成行。這就是說,用戰爭手段,達到逼迫清政府同意修約的目的,這已經是既定決策。
1856年3月,克里米亞戰爭結束,俄國戰敗。這時候,英、法、俄國都把眼光投向了中國,各國軍艦都可以移師中國了。在克里米亞戰場上廝殺的對手,在中國成為了合作的夥伴。利用戰爭手段已經決定,侵略者總要找一個冠冕堂皇的借口。

正在這時候,馬神甫事件發生了。盡管這是一個突發的個別的事件,對於法國來說就是一個好借口,但是,對於英國來說,這個借口還不太有力。不久,亞羅號事件發生了。殖民主義者要尋找侵略中國的借口是不難的。20世紀初法國的研究者研究了資料後指出:包令「要向中國啟釁,不愁找不到合法的借口;如果需要的話,他還有本領找到比劫持『亞羅』號更好的借口。」(18)

至此完全可以看出,第二次鴉片戰爭是一定要打起來的,並不因為中方的什麼態度而轉移。而要打這場戰爭的根本原因,是西方列強要越過條約特權在中國謀取更大的利益。

㈧ 以下內容,跪求高手日文翻譯!! 「以上經營范圍凡涉及國家有專項專營規定的從其規定」 加50分

「以上經營范圍凡涉及國家有專項專營規定的從其規定」
「以上の経営范囲及び國家の専項専売規定が合法的である。」

1.企業法人營業執照是企業法人資格和合法經營的憑證。
1.企業法人営業許可證は企業法人資格及び合法経営の證拠となる。

2.企業法人營業執照分正本和副本,正本和副本具有同等法律效力,營業執照正本應放在企業法人住所醒目的位置,企業法人可根據業務需要,向登記機關申請領取若干副本。
2,企業法人営業許可證の謄本や副本は、謄本と副本法ともに律上では同等の効力を持ち、営業許可書は企業法人の目に付く所に置き、企業法人は業務の需要により、登記機関に申請し、若干の副本を受け取ることが出來る。

3.營業執照不得偽造,塗改,出租,出借,轉讓,除登記機關外,其他任何單位和個人均不得扣留,收繳和吊銷。
営業許可書は偽造、書き換え、賃貸、貸與、転売、登記機関除く、その他のいかなる個人や他者に差し押さえ、押收と當許可證を無効にしてはならない。

4.企業法人登記注冊事項發生變化時,應向原登記機關申請變更登記。
企業法人登記登錄事項內容が変える場合、ただちに原登錄機関に変更登記し直すこと。

5.每年一月一日至四月三十日,登記機關對企業法人進行年度檢驗。
5,毎年、一月一日から、四月三十日まで、登錄機関が企業法人に年度の檢驗を行います。

6.企業注銷登記時,應交回營業執照正副本,營業執照被登記機關吊銷後即自行失效。
6,企業営業許可を取り消す場合、ただちに営業許可書謄本及び副本を返納し、営業許可書が登錄機関に納めた時點で自動的に失効となります。

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