美國立法原文
① 如何查找1939年美國中立法案原文
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本題主要考查學生的分析、理解與鑒別能力。根據1937年的中立法,美國不向發生內戰的專國家出售武器,於屬是,當時正抗擊德意法西斯侵略的西班牙共和國就不能從美國購買到武器,德意法西斯侵略者卻可以「中立國」的身份從美國處購買到武器,並把購得的武器供給佛朗哥叛軍,因此,這時的中立法案不利於反法西斯侵略。1939年,在羅斯福總統的努力下,美國國會修改了1937年的「中立法案」,准許英法兩國購買武器,這無疑是有利於反法西斯侵略的。因此,該題的正確答案選擇D。
② 美國護照法的英文原文
The Secretary of State of the United States of America hereby requests all whom it may concern to permit the citizen/national of the United States named herein to pass without delay or hindrance and in case of need to give all lawful aid and protection.
美國國務卿特來此請求任何與允許以下美源國公民/國民過境之相關人士不要延誤辦理或設置阻礙,並在需要時給予法律援助和保護。
③ 有誰知道美國憲法的原文
http://www.dffy.com/faxuejieti/jd/200502/20050203215123.htm
序言
我們美利堅合眾國的人民,為了組織一個更完善的聯邦,樹立正義,保障國內的安寧,建立共同的國防,增進全民福利和確保我們自己及我們後代能安享自由帶來的幸福,乃為美利堅合眾國制定和確立這一部憲法。
第一條
第一款 本憲法所規定的立法權,全屬合眾國的國會,國會由一個參議院和一個眾議院組成。
第二款 眾議院應由各州人民每兩年選舉一次之議員組成,各州選舉人應具有該州州議會中人數最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。凡年齡未滿二十五歲,或取得合眾國公民資格未滿七年,或於某州當選而並非該州居民者,均不得任眾議員。眾議員人數及直接稅稅額,應按聯邦所轄各州的人口數目比例分配,此項人口數目的計演算法,應在全體自由人民--包括訂有契約的短期僕役,但不包括末被課稅的印第安人--數目之外,再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實際人口調查,應於合眾國國會第一次會議後三年內舉行,並於其後每十年舉行一次,其調查方法另以法律規定之。眾議員的數目,不得超過每三萬人口有眾議員一人,但每州至少應有眾議員一人 ; 在舉行人囗調查以前,各州得按照下列數目選舉眾議員 : 新罕布希爾三人、麻薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人.新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來納五人、南卡羅來納五人、喬治亞三人。任何一州的眾議員有缺額時,該州的行政長官應頒選舉令,選出眾議員以補充缺額。眾議院應選舉該除議長及其他官員 ; 只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權力。
第三款 合眾國的參議院由每州的州議會選舉兩名參議員組成之,參議員的任期為六年,每名參議員有一票表決權。參議員於第一次選舉後舉行會議之時,應當立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期,到第二年年終時屆滿,第二組到第四年年終時屆滿,第三組到第六年年終時屆滿,俾使每兩年有三分之一的參議員改選 ; 如果在某州州議會休會期間,有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺,該州的行政長官得任命臨時參議員,等到州議會下次集會時,再予選舉補缺。凡年齡未滿三十歲,或取得合眾國公民資格未滿九年,或於某州當選而並非該州居民者,均不得任參議員。合眾國副總統應為參議院議長,除非在投票票數相等時,議長無投票權。參議院應選舉該院的其他官員,在副總統缺席或執行合眾國總統職務時,還應選舉臨時議長。所有彈劾案,只有參議院有權審理。在開庭審理彈劾案時,參議員們均應宣誓或誓願。如受審者為合眾國總統,則應由最高法院首席大法官擔任主席 ; 在末得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時,任何人不得被判有罪。彈劾案的判決,不得超過免職及取消其擔任合眾國政府任何有榮譽、有責任或有俸給的職位之資格 ;但被判處者仍須服從另據法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。
第四款 各州州議會應規定本州參議員及眾議員之選舉時間、地點及程序 ; 但國會得隨時以法律制定或變更此種規定,惟有選舉議員的地點不在此例。國會應至少每年集會一次,開會日期應為十二月的第一個星期一,除非他們通過法律來指定另一個日期。
第五款 參眾兩院應各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結果報告和本院議員的資格,每院議員過半數即構成可以議事的法定人數 ;不足法定人數時,可以一天推一天地延期開會,並有權依照各該議院所規定的程序和罰則,強迫缺席的議員出席。參眾兩院得各自規定本院的議事規則,處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員,並且得以三分之二的同意,開除本院的議員。參眾兩院應各自保存一份議事記錄,並經常公布,惟各該院認為應保守秘密之部分除外 ; 兩院議員對於每一問題之贊成或反對,如有五分之一出席議員請求,則應記載於議事記錄內。在國會開會期間,任一議院未得別院同意,不得休會三日以上,亦不得遷往非兩院開會的其他地點。
第六款 參議員與眾議員得因其服務而獲報酬,報酬的多寡由法律定之,並由合眾國國庫支付。兩院議員除犯叛國罪、重罪以及擾亂治安罪外,在出席各該院會議及往返各該院途中,有不受逮捕之特權 ; 兩院議員在議院內所發表之演說及辯論,在其它場合不受質詢。參議員或眾議員不得在其當選任期內擔任合眾國政府任何新添設的職位,或在其任期內支取因新職位而增添的俸給 ; 在合眾國政府供職的人,不得在其任職期間擔任國會議員。
第七款 有關徵稅的所有法案應在眾議院中提出 ; 但參議院得以處理其它法案的方式,以修正案提出建議或表示同意。經眾議院和參議院通過的法案,在正式成為法律之前,須呈送合眾國總統 ; 總統如批准,便須簽署,如不批准,即應連同他的異議把它退還給原來提出該案的議院,該議院應將異議詳細記入議事記錄,然後進行復議。倘若在復議之後,該議院議員的三分之二仍然同意通過該法案,該院即應將該法案連同異議書送交另一院,由其同樣予以復議,若此另一院亦以三分之二的多數通過,該法案即成為法律。但遇有這樣的情形時,兩院的表決均應以贊同或反對來定,而贊同和反對該法案的議員的姓名,均應由兩院分別記載於各該院的議事記錄之內 。 如總統接到法案後十日之內 (星期日除外) ,不將之退還,該法案即等於曾由總統簽署一樣,成為法律¨准有當國會休會因而無法將該法案退還時,該法案才不得成為法律。任何命令、決議或表決 (有關休會問題者除外) ,凡須由參議院及眾議院予以同意者,均應呈送合眾國總統 ; 經其此准之後,方始生效,如總統不予批准,則參眾兩院可依照對於通過法案所規定的各種規則和限制,各以三分之二的多數,再行通過。
第八款 國會有權規定並徵收稅金、捐稅、關稅和其它賦稅,用以償付國債並為合眾國的共同防禦和全民福利提供經費 ;但是各種捐稅、關稅和其它賦稅,在合眾國內應劃一徵收 ;以合眾國的信用舉債 ;管理與外國的、州與州間的,以及對印第安部落的貿易 ;制定在合眾國內一致適用的歸化條例,和有關破產的一致適用的法律 ;鑄造貨幣,調議其價值,並釐定外幣價值,以及制定度量衡的標准 ;制定對偽造合眾國證券和貨幣的懲罰條例 ;設立郵政局及延造驛路 ;為促進科學和實用技藝的進步,對作家和發明家的著作和發明,在一定期限內給予專利權的保障 ;設置最高法院以下的各級法院 ;界定並懲罰海盜罪、在公海所犯的重罪和違背國際公法的罪行;宣戰,對民用船蘋頒發捕押敵船及採取報復行動的特許證,制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰利晶的規則 ;募集和維持陸軍,但每次撥充該項費用的款項,其有效期不得超過兩年 ;配備和保持海軍;制定有開管理和控制陸海軍隊的各種條例 ;制定召集民兵的條例,以便執行聯邦法律,鎮壓叛亂和擊退侵略 ;規定民兵的組織、裝備和訓練,以及民兵為合眾國服務時的管理辦法,但各州保留其軍官任命權,和依照國會規定的條例訓練其民團的權力 ;對於由某州讓與而由國會承受,用以充當合眾國政府所在地的地區 (不逾十哩見方) ,握有對其一切事務的全部立法權 ; 對於經州議會同意,向州政府購得,用以建築要塞、彈葯庫、兵工廠、船塢和其它必要建築物的地方,也握有同樣的權力 ; --並且為了行使上述各項權力,以及行使本憲法賦予合眾國政府或其各部門或其官員的種種權力,制定一切必要的和適當的法律。
第九款 對於現有任何一州所認為的應准其移民或入境的人,在一八O八年以前,國會不得加以禁止,但可以對入境者課稅,惟以每人不超過十美元為限。不得中止人身保護令所保障的特權,惟在叛亂或受到侵犯的情況下,出於公共安全的必要時不在此限。不得通過任何褫奪公權的法案或者追溯既往的法律。除非按本憲法所規定的人口調查或統計之比例,不得徵收任何人口稅或其它直接稅。對各州輸出之貨物,不得課稅。任何有關商務或納稅的條例,均不得賦予某一州的港口以優惠待遇 ; 亦不得強迫任何開往或來自某一州的船蘋,駛入或駛出另一州,或向另一州納稅。除了依照法律的規定撥款之外,不得自國庫中提出任何款項 ; 一切公款收支的報告和帳目,應經常公布。合眾國不得頒發任何貴族爵位: 凡是在合眾國政府擔任有俸給或有責任之職務者,末經國會許可,不得接受任何國王、王子或外國的任何禮物、薪酬、職務或爵位。
第十款 各州不得締結任何條約、結盟或組織邦聯 ; 不得對民用船蘋頒發捕押敵船及採取報復行動之特許證 ; 不得鑄造貨幣 ; 不得發行紙幣 ; 不得指定金銀幣以外的物品作為償還債務的法定貨幣 ; 不得通過任何褫奪公權的法案、追溯既往的法律和損害契約義務的法律 ; 也不得頒發任何貴族爵位。未經國會同意,各州不得對進口貨物或出口貨物徵收任何稅款,但為了執行該州的檢查法律而有絕對的必要時,不在此限 ;任何州對於進出囗貨物所徵的稅,其凈收益應歸合眾國國庫使用 ; 所有這一類的檢查法律,國會對之有修正和監督之權。未經國會同意,各州不得徵收船舶噸位稅,不得在和平時期保持軍隊和軍艦,不得和另外一州或國締結任何協定或契約,除非實際遭受入侵,或者遇到刻不容緩的危急情形時,不得從事戰爭。
第二條
第一款 行政權力賦予美利堅合眾國總統。總統任期四年,總統和具有同樣任期的副總統,應照下列手續選舉 :每州應依照該州州議會所規定之手續,指定選舉人若干名,其人數應與該州在國會之參議員及眾議員之總數相等 ; 但參譏員、眾議員及任何在合眾國政府擔任有責任及有俸給之職務的人,均不得被指定為選舉人。各選舉人應於其本身所屬的州內集會,每人投票選舉二人,其中至少應有一人不屬本州居民。選舉人應開列全體被選人名單,註明每人所得票數 ; 他們還應簽名作證明,並將封印後的名單送至合眾國政府所在地交與參議院議長。參議院議長應於參眾兩院全體議員之前,開拆所有來件,然後計算票數。得票最多者,如其所得票數超過全體選舉人的半數,即當選為總統 ; 如同時不止一人得票過半數,旦又得同等票數,則眾議院應立即投票表決,選畢其中一人為總統 ; 如無人得票過半數,則眾議院應自得票最多之前五名中用同樣方法選舉總統。但依此法選舉總統時,應以州為單位,每州之代表共有一票 ; 如全國三分之二的州各有一名或多名眾議員出席,即構成選舉總統的法定人數 ; 當選總統者需獲全部州的過半數票。在每次這樣的選舉中,於總統選出後,其獲得選舉人所投票數最多者,即為副總統。但如有二人或二人以上得票相等時,則應由參議院投票表決,選學其中一人為副總統。國會得決定各州選出選舉人的時期以及他們投票的日子 ; 投票日期全國一律。只有出生時為合眾國公民,或在本憲法實施時已為合眾國公民者,可被選為總統 ; 凡年齡未滿三十五歲,或居住合眾國境內未滿十四年者,不得被選為總統。如遇總統被免職,或因死亡、辭職或喪失能力而不能執行其權力及職務時,總統職權應由副總統執行之。國會得以法律規定,在總統及副總統均被免職,或死亡、辭職或喪失能力時,由何人代理總統職務,該人應即遵此視事,至總統能力恢復,或新總統被選出時為止。總統得因其服務而在規定的時間內接受俸給,在其任期之內,俸金數額不得增加或減低,他亦不得在此任期內,自合眾國政府和任何州政府接愛其它報酬。在他就職之前,他應宣誓或誓願如下: --「我鄭重宣誓(或 矢言) 我必忠誠地執行合眾國總統的職務,並盡我最大的能力,維持、保護和捍衛合眾國憲法。
第二款 總統為合眾國陸海軍的總司令,並在各州民團奉召為合眾國執行任務的擔任統帥 ; 他可以要求每個行政部門的主管官員提出有關他們職務的任何事件的書面意見 ,除了彈劫案之外,他有權對於違犯合眾國法律者頒賜緩刑和特赦。總統有權締訂條約,但須爭取參議院的意見和同意,並須出席的參議員中三分之二的人贊成 ; 他有權提名,並於取得參議院的意見和同意後,任命大使、公使及領事、最高法院的法官,以及一切其他在本憲法中未經明定、但以後將依法律的規定而設置之合眾國官員 ; 國會可以制定法律,酌情把這些較低級官員的任命權,授予總統本人,授予法院,或授予各行政部門的首長。在參議院休會期間,如遇有職位出缺,總統有權任命官員補充缺額,任期於參議院下屆會議結束時終結。
第三款 總統應經常向國會報告聯邦的情況,並向國會提出他認為必要和適當的措施,供其考慮 ; 在特殊情況下,他得召集兩院或其中一院開會,並得於兩院對於休會時間意見不一致時,命令兩院休會到他認為適當的時期為止 ; 他應接見大使和公使 ;他應注意使法律切實執行,並任命所有合眾國的軍官。
第四款 合眾國總統、副總統及其他所有文官,因叛國、賄賂或其它重罪和輕罪,被彈劾而判罪者,均應免職。
第三條
第一款 合眾國的司法權屬於一個最高法院以及由國會隨時下令設立的低級法院。最高法院和低級法院的法官,如果盡忠職守,應繼續任職,並按期接受俸給作為其服務之報酬,在其繼續任職期間,該項俸給不得削減。
第二款 司法權適用的范圍,應包括在本憲法、合眾國法律、和合眾國已訂的及將訂的條約之下發生的一切涉及普通法及衡平法的案件 ;一切有關大使、公使及領事的案件 ;一切有關海上裁判權及海事裁判權的案件 ; 合眾國為當事一方的訴訟; 州與州之間的訴訟,州與另一州的公民之間的訴訟,一州公民與另一州公民之間的訴訟,同州公民之間為不同之州所讓與之土地而爭執的訴訟,以及一州或其公民與外國政府、公民或其屬民之間的訴訟。在一切有關大使、公使、領事以及州為當事一方的案件中,最高法院有最初審理權。在上述所有其它案件中,最高法院有關於法律和事實的受理上訴權,但由國會規定為例外及另有處理條例者,不在此限。對一切罪行的審判,除了彈劫案以外,均應由陪審團裁定,並且該審判應在罪案發生的州內舉行 ; 但如罪案發生地點並不在任何一州之內,該項審判應在國會按法律指定之地點或幾個地點學行。
第三款 只有對合眾國發動戰爭,或投向它的敵人,予敵人以協助及方便者,方構成叛國罪。無論何人,如非經由兩個證人證明他的公然的叛國行為,或經由本人在公開法庭認罪者,均不得被判叛國罪。國會有權宣布對於叛國罪的懲處,但因叛國罪而被褫奪公權者,其後人之繼承權不受影響,叛國者之財產亦只能在其本人生存期間被沒收。
第四條
第一款 各州對其它各州的公共法案、記錄、和司法程序,應給予完全的信賴和尊重。國會得制定一般法律,用以規定這種法案、記錄、和司法程序如何證明以及具有何等效力。
第二款 每州公民應享受各州公民所有之一切特權及豁免。凡在任何一州被控犯有叛國罪、重罪或其它罪行者,逃出法外而在另一州被緝獲時,該州應即依照該罪犯所逃出之州的行政當局之請求,將該罪犯交出,以便移交至該犯罪案件有管轄權之州。凡根據一州之法律應在該州服役或服勞役者,逃往另一州時,不得因另一州之任何法律或條例,解除其服役或勞役,而應依照有權要求該項服役或勞役之當事一方的要求,把人交出。
第三款 國會得准許新州加入聯邦 ; 如無有關各州之州議會及國會之同意,不得於任何州之管轄區域內建立新州 ; 亦不得合並兩州或數州、或數州之一部分而成立新州。國會有權處置合眾國之屬地及其它產業,並制定有關這些屬地及產業的一切必要的法規和章則 ;本憲法中任何條文,不得作有損於合眾國或任何一州之權利的解釋。
第四款 合眾國保證聯邦中的每一州皆為共和政體,保障它們不受外來的侵略 ;並且根據各州州議會或行政部門 (當州議會不能召集時) 的請求,平定其內部的暴亂。
第五條
舉凡兩院議員各以三分之二的多數認為必要時,國會應提出對本憲法的修正案 ; 或者, 當現有諸州三分之二的州議會提出請求時,國會應召集修憲大會,以上兩種修正案,如經諸州四分之三的州議會或四分之三的州修憲大會批准時,即成為本憲法之一部分而發生全部效力,至於採用那一種批准方式,則由國會議決 ; 但一八○八年以前可能制定之修正案,在任何情形下,不得影響本憲法第一條第九款之第一、第四兩項 ;任何一州,沒有它的同意,不得被剝奪它在參議院中的平等投票權。
第六條
合眾國政府於本憲法被批准之前所積欠之債務及所簽訂之條約,於本憲法通過後,具有和在邦聯政府時同等的效力。本憲法及依本憲法所制定之合眾國法律; 以及合眾國已經締結及將要締結的一切條約,皆為全國之最高法律 ; 每個州的法官都應受其約束,任何一州憲法或法律中的任何內容與之抵觸時,均不得有違這一規定。前述之參議員及眾議員,各州州議會議員,合眾國政府及各州政府之一切行政及司法官員,均應宣誓或誓願擁護本憲法 ;但合眾國政府之任何職位或公職,皆不得以任何宗教標准作為任職的必要條件。
第七條
本憲法經過九個州的制憲大會批准後,即在批准本憲法的各州之間開始生效 。
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
March 4, 1789
Preamble
We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I
Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, ring the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.
No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.Section 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.
Neither House, ring the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest ring their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other place.
No Senator or Representative shall, ring the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased ring such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either House d
④ 查詢美國法律原文
http://www.worldlii.org/
http://www.law.com/
http://www.findlaw.com/
www.gov.com
⑤ 求1933年美國證券法與1934年美國證券交易法的原文
1933年美國證券法
http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/sa33.pdf
1934年美國證券交易法
http://www.sec.gov/about/laws/sea34.pdf
《1933年證券法》是世界各國證券市場監管立法的典範,更為各國仿效和借鑒的對象,我國證券立法亦是如此。又稱證券真實法(Truth in Securities Law),共28條, 是第一部真實保護金融消費者的聯邦立法,也是美國第一部有效的公司融資監管法,包含了州藍天法的許多特色。《證券法》最引人注目的是確立了信息披露制度,並在附件A中詳細列舉了發行人必須披露的具體內容。
《美國1934年證券交易法》對世界許多國家證券法的影響極大,是許多國家證券法的藍本。美國證券法由於比較好地反映了證券市場的法則,適應了證券市場健康發展的需要,因此,對我國也極具重要的參考和借鑒價值。
⑥ 美國五月花號公約譯文及其原文
《五月花號公約》(Mayflower Compact)。全文如下:
「以上帝的名義,阿門。
我們,下面的簽名人,作為偉大的詹姆斯一世的忠順臣民,為了給上帝增光,發揚基督教的信仰和我們祖國和君主的榮譽,特著手在弗吉尼亞北部這片新開拓的海岸建立第一個殖民地。我們在上帝的面前,彼此以庄嚴的面貌出現,現約定將我們全體組成政治社會,以使我們能更好地生存下來並在我們之間創造良好的秩序。為了殖民地的公眾利益,我們將根據這項契約頒布我們應當忠實遵守的公正平等的法律、法令和命令,並視需要而任命我們應當服從的行政官員。 」
(THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT
In the name of God, Amen.
We whose names are underwritten, the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland king, defender of the faith, etc., having undertaken, for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony, unto which we promise all e submission and obedience. )
⑦ 美國政府文件原文
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⑧ 美國 法律原文
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⑨ 美國《獨立宣言》原文及翻譯
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
獨立宣言
In Congress, July 4, 1776,
大陸會議(一七七六年七月四日)
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
美利堅合眾國十三個州一致通過的宣言
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
在有關人類事務的發展過程中,當一個民族必須解除其和另一個與之有關的民族之間的政治聯系,並在世界各國之間,接受自然法則和自然界的造物主的旨意賦予的獨立和平等的地位時,出於對人類輿論的尊重,必須把他們不得不獨立的原因予以宣布。
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
他在我們中間煽動內亂,並且竭力挑唆那些殘酷無情、沒有開化的印第安人來殺掠我們邊疆的居民;而眾所周知,印第安人的作戰律令是不分男女老幼,一律格殺勿論的。
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
在這些壓迫的每一階段中,我們都是用最謙卑的言辭請願改善;但屢次請求所得到的答復是屢次遭受損害。一個君主,當他的品格已打上了暴君行為的烙印時,是不配作自由人民的統治者的。
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.
We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
我們不是沒有注意我們英國的弟兄。我們時常提醒他們,他們的立法機關企圖把無理的管轄權橫加到我們的頭上。
我們也曾把我們移民出這里和在這里定居的情形告訴他們。我們曾經向他們天生的正義感和雅量呼籲,我們懇求他們念在同種同宗的份上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,以免影響彼此的關系和往來。但是他們卻對於這種正義和血緣的呼聲一直充耳不聞。因此,我們實在不得不宣布和他們脫離,並且以對待世界上其它民族一樣的態度對待他們:戰即為敵;和則為友。
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;
that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
因此,我們,在大陸會議上集會的美利堅合眾國代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名義並經他們授權,向全世界最崇高的正義呼籲,說明我們的嚴正意向,同時鄭重宣布;這些聯合的殖民地是而且有權成為自由和獨立的國家,它們取消一切對英國王室效忠的義務,它們和大不列顛國家之間的一切政治關系從此全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕;
作為自由獨立的國家,它們完全有權宣戰、締和、結盟、通商和獨立國家有權去做的一切行動。為了支持這篇宣言,我們堅決信賴上帝的庇佑,以我們的生命、我們的財產和我們神聖的名譽,彼此宣誓。
(9)美國立法原文擴展閱讀
《獨立宣言》由四部分組成:
第一部分為前言,闡述了宣言的目的。
第二部分高度概括了當時資產階級最激進的政治思想,即自然權利學說和主權在民思想。
第三部分歷數英國壓迫北美殖民地人民的條條罪狀,說明殖民地人民是在忍無可忍的情況下被迫拿起武器的,力陳獨立的合法性和正義性。
在宣言的最後一部分,美利堅庄嚴宣告獨立。《獨立宣言》並非1776年7月4日簽署的,7月4日是決議採用宣言的日期,之後進行了印刷。議會代表們大多於1776年8月2日簽署本宣言。
⑩ 美國獨立宣言譯文及其原文
1776年7月4日北美原十三個英屬殖民地一致通過的《獨立宣言》原文:
在有關人類事務的發展過程中,當一個民族必須解除其和另一個民族之間的政治聯系,並在世界各國之間依照自然法則和上帝的意旨,接受獨立和平等的地位時,出於人類輿論的尊重,必須把他們不得不獨立的原因予以宣布。
我們認為下面這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們若干不可剝奪的權利,其中包括生命權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利,人類才在他們之間建立政府,而政府之正當權力,是經被治理者的同意而產生的。當任何形式的政府對這些目標具破壞作用時,人民便有權力改變或廢除它,以建立一個新的政府;其賴以奠基的原則,其組織權力的方式,務使人民認為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。為了慎重起見,成立多年的政府,是不應當由於輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過去的一切經驗也都說明,任何苦難,只要是尚能忍受,人類都寧願容忍,而無意為了本身的權益便廢除他們久已習慣了的政府。但是,當追逐同一目標的一連串濫用職權和強取豪奪發生,證明政府企圖把人民置於專制統治之下時,那麼人民就有權利,也有義務推翻這個政府,並為他們未來的安全建立新的保障--這就是這些殖民地過去逆來順受的情況,也是它們現在不得不改變以前政府制度的原因。當今大不列顛國王的歷史,是接連不斷的傷天害理和強取豪奪的歷史,這些暴行的唯一目標,就是想在這些州建立專制的暴政。為了證明所言屬實,現把下列事實向公正的世界宣布--
他拒絕批准對公眾利益最有益、最必要的法律。
他禁止他的總督們批准迫切而極為必要的法律,要不就把這些法律擱置起來暫不生效,等待他的同意;而一旦這些法律被擱置起來,他對它們就完全置之不理。
他拒絕批准便利廣大地區人民的其它法律,除非那些人民情願放棄自己在立法機關中的代表權;但這種權利對他們有無法估量的價值,而且只有暴君才畏懼這種權利。
他把各州立法團體召集到異乎尋常的、極為不便的、遠離它們檔案庫的地方去開會,唯一的目的是使他們疲於奔命,不得不順從他的意旨。
他一再解散各州的議會,因為它們以無畏的堅毅態度反對他侵犯人民的權利。
他在解散各州議會之後,又長期拒絕另選新議會;但立法權是無法取消的,因此這項權力仍由一般人民來行使。其實各州仍然處於危險的境地,既有外來侵略之患,又有發生內亂之憂。
他竭力抑制我們各州增加人口;為此目的,他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過,拒絕批准其它鼓勵外國人移居各州的法律,並提高分配新土地的條件。
他拒絕批准建立司法權力的法律,藉以阻撓司法工作的推行。
他把法官的任期、薪金數額和支付,完全置於他個人意志的支配之下。
他建立新官署,派遣大批官員,騷擾我們人民,並耗盡人民必要的生活物質。
他在和平時期,未經我們的立法機關同意,就在我們中間維持常備軍。
他力圖使軍隊獨立於民政之外,並凌駕於民政之上。
他同某些人勾結起來把我們置於一種不適合我們的體制且不為我們的法律所承認的管轄之下;他還批准那些人炮製的各種偽法案來達到以下目的:
在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊;
用假審訊來包庇他們,使他們殺害我們各州居民而仍然逍遙法外;
切斷我們同世界各地的貿易;
未經我們同意便向我們強行征稅;
在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權益;
羅織罪名押送我們到海外去受審;
在一個鄰省廢除英國的自由法制,在那裹建立專制政府,並擴大該省的疆界,企圖把該省變成既是一個樣板又是一個得心應手的工具,以便進而向這里的各殖民地推行同樣的極權統治;
取消我們的憲章,廢除我們最寶貴的法律,並且根本上改變我們各州政府的形式;
中止我們自己的立法機關行使權力,宣稱他們自己有權就一切事宜為我們制定法律。
他宣布我們已不屬他保護之列,並對我們們作戰,從而放棄了在這里的政務。
他在我們的海域大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們沿海地區,焚燒我們的城鎮,殘害我們人民的生命。
他此時正在運送大批外國傭兵來完成屠殺、破壞和肆虐的勾當,這種勾當早就開始,其殘酷卑劣甚至在最野蠻的時代都難以找到先例。他完全不配作為一個文明國家的元首。
他在公海上俘虜我們的同胞,強迫他們拿起武器來反對自己的國家,成為殘殺自己親人和朋友的劊子手,或是死於自己的親人和朋友的手下。
他在我們中間煽動內亂,並且竭力挑唆那些殘酷無情、沒有開化的印第安人來殺掠我們邊疆的居民;而眾所周知,印第安人的作戰規律是不分男女老幼,一律格殺勿論的。
在這些壓迫的每一陷階段中,我們都是用最謙卑的言辭請求改善;但屢次請求所得到的答復是屢次遭受損害。一個君主,當他的品格已打上了暴君行為的烙印時,是不配作自由人民的統治者的。
我們不是沒有顧念我們英國的弟兄。我們時常提醒他們,他們的立法機關企圖把無理的管轄權橫加到我們的頭上。我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情形告訴他們。我們曾經向他們天生的正義善感和雅量呼籲,我們懇求他們念在同種同宗的份上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,以免影響彼此的關系和往來。但是他們對於這種正義和血緣的呼聲,也同樣充耳不聞。因此,我們實在不得不宣布和他們脫離,並且以對待世界上其它民族一樣的態度對待他們:和我們作戰,就是敵人;和我們和好,就是朋友。
因此,我們,在大陸會議下集會的美利堅聯盟代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名義,非經他們授權,向全世界最崇高的正義呼籲,說明我們的嚴正意向,同時鄭重宣布;這些聯合一致的殖民地從此是自由和獨立的國家,並且按其權利也必須是自由和獨立的國家,它們取消一切對英國王室效忠的義務,它們和大不列顛國家之間的一切政治關系從此全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕;作為自由獨立的國家,它們完全有權宣戰、締和、結盟、通商和採取獨立國家有權採取的一切行動。
為了支持這篇宣言,我們堅決信賴上帝的庇佑,以我們的生命、我們的財產和我們神聖的名譽,彼此宣誓。
英文原文
[編輯本段]
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
In Congress, July 4, 1776,
THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.
That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.
That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to rece them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their ty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands .
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introcing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.
JOHN HANCOCK, President
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO. WALTON
Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.
New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
Pennsylvania: Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross
Delaware: Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas McKean
Maryland: Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia: George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton
North Carolina: William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn
South Carolina: Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., Arthur Middleton
Georgia: Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.