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合同法英文assignment3

發布時間: 2021-01-30 18:53:37

⑴ assignment中舉例用英文怎麼說

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assignment 英 [əˈsaɪnmənt] 美 [əˈsaɪnmənt] n.分給,分配;任務,工作,(課外)作業;<美>任命;指定,委派
復數: assignments
例句: The assessment for the course involves written assignments and practical tests. 這門功課的考核包括書面作業和實際操作考試。
望採納!

⑵ 如何學好法律英語(3)

法律英語學習經驗之三 一、我反對為英語而英語的「純英語」主義。 人生苦短,而學海無涯。中、小學教育,偏重於基礎,升入大學,便有了專業定向;工作之後,分工更細、定向更明確。學英語也是一樣,要有明確的專業定向。同學們都希望法律英語的學習更有效率,也就是說在相對短的時間里,進步更快、成果更大。須專一精進,心無旁騖,放可中此鵠的。 國內關於英語的學習資料,主要有三大類:一是所謂「應試英語」,四六級、托福、雅斯等,這些東西,都是敲門磚,不是真知識。如果沒有特殊需要(如出國或參加考試),不可以此學英語。另一類,可以稱為「文化英語」,諸如名人演說、世界名著、英文電影、歌曲等,用來做個輔助和消遣可以,萬萬不能因此荒廢專業;還有,就是「教科書英語」,從入門到精通、英語背誦文選、高級英文等等不一而足,同學們應該將之視為基本教材,學一套足以。一本一本地看下去,便是浪費時日了。凡此種種,都是「為英語而英語」的純英語讀物。 「純英語」主義,說到底,是一種應試教育與出版社商業利益聯姻的產物。學校、考試機構和出版商利用大眾希望學好英語的心態,一方輕佻地許諾「精通」、「高級」「無敵」「高效(三十天就能流利對話?)」,另一方不斷推出各類考試,頒發各種證書,證明考生的英語水平。不斷地有四級、六級、托福滿分的神話傳出,鼓動學子浮躁的心。 我在大學就過了六級,但初次與老外談判,卻如聾如啞,如白痴一般。來澳洲後,曾經在中餐館打工,認識一些廚師、老闆,完全不懂英文,或者只能說幾句蹩腳的唐人街英文,生活也沒有什麼不方便,收入也比多數澳洲本地人要高得多。澳洲法學院的一個小師弟,12歲隨父母移民來澳洲,英文幾乎成為母語,中文只聽說,不能讀寫,他很羨慕我的雙語優勢,我說:「但是你的英文很好啊!」他回答:「英文好有什麼用,誰都會講英語!」。我的英文不是很好,進飯館不會點菜、別人將笑話聽不大懂,看電視、聽廣播,最多懂80%,但有幾次作業(這里稱「assignment」)在全班80幾個學生中,卻得了最高分。 我的意思是:(1)英語水平的高低,不能通過考試來評價(試問:通過專業八級的中國學生的英語水平與美國街頭輟學少年相比,孰高孰低?);(2)學習英語的重要性不是絕對的,做外貿的當然要學英語,可是,如果北京的哥不會說「hello」,難道老外就不來看奧運了嗎?(3)學英語沒有專業定向,實用價值不大。有些人甚至建議,一字一句的聽寫VOA。即使VOA100%聽懂,也就是美國的中小學生的聽力水平。對於一個中國人,花上千個小時,100%聽懂VOA或能流利背誦林肯講演,又有什麼實用價值呢? 純英語主義,是一層窗戶紙,大家誰都不想捅破!政府為了與世界接軌,需要英語人才,可對人才的評定,也只能通過考試;學校有教學計劃,招生名額,考試通過率的要求,自然強調考試的重要;出版商出於利益最大化的考慮,當然喜歡出版大眾讀物(專業英語書籍有幾個人買?);海歸派回國後,為了混飯吃或者炫耀,時不時蹦噠出幾個單詞,有意無意之間,也跟強調大眾英語的重要性。誰都不捅破的結果,就是誤人子弟,象困在地牢里的令狐沖,煉吸星****,結果煉倒了。 純英語主義,是將手段視為目的。語言是文化的載體,學好英語的目的,對於中國人,是更好的交流、借鑒、吸收和評價。而現代社會又以分工細密、專業化為其特徵。所以,在國內學英語沒有專業定向,就是浪費時間。一句話,英語是鑰匙。如果你天天為鑰匙打光上臘,裝金貼銀,卻始終不知道開哪扇門,你就是「純英語主義者」,基本上是傻瓜的代名詞。 二、我反對好高騖遠的「名著主義」 學習法律英文,一定要腳踏實地,從基礎學起。基礎就是教科書。教科書有兩特點:(1)介紹基本的專業詞彙、邏輯分類和推理過程;(2)使讀者對一門學問有一個整體的把握。 名著和經典往往是對以往學問的總結、批判,進而提出新理論、新觀點。因此,這些書不適合初學者作為入門教材來閱讀。因為,沒有這些基礎知識、背景資料作為鋪墊,費了半天勁,也是一頭霧水。 比如,中國法律界一時對公平和效率的問題,探討頗多,基本問題:「是先把蛋糕做大(efficiency)還是先把蛋糕分均(equity)」。圍繞著這一問題,各種法學和經濟學的經典、名著滿天飛。如果要研究這個問題,其實應該首先讀一本法理學教科書,了解「公平」的定義;再讀一本經濟學教科書,了解「效率」是什麼。然後在看看這一爭論的始作俑者,美國的「經濟分析法學派」提出這一理論的歷史背景是什麼。然後才能真正明白「whataretheytalkingabout?」。這樣,你會發現,其關鍵問題,在於「交易成本(transactioncost)」理論的提出。然後,我們反問:中國法律的交易成本有多高,是否高到影響效率了? 因此,建議同學,在讀所謂經典、權威、名著之前,安靜下來,讀幾本教科書,把基本理論、概念搞清楚。在這點上,用中文學法律和用英文學,沒有任何區別。 三、我反對不求甚解的「範本主義」 藉助英漢詞典翻譯法律文書,通過「外貿書信選」或「涉外合同範本」學習法律英語,可以「速成」,不能通達。另外,「範本」並不規范,錯譯、曲解、牽強附會的地方很多。 我在國內做律師的時候,見到過很多「翻譯公司」翻譯的合同文本,其錯訛之多,令人驚訝。原因很簡單,字詞只有在特定語境中,才有意義。法律英語學習者遇到的尷尬局面是,多數中英文的法律詞彙,都不能准確互譯。比如我在論壇中曾經解釋過的「法人」一詞,不能譯為「legalperson」,因為「legalperson」在普通法中是指能夠獨立承擔法律後果的人,既包括自然人,也包括法人。所以,法人應該譯為「bodycorporate」。 所以,範本用以用來應急或者做個參考,但不能作為學習資料使用。最好的教材還是教科書(Textbook)。 另外,最好手頭有一本英文法律詞典,含有對法律名詞的英文解釋,盡量不用或少用英漢法律詞典。我曾經用過三本英漢法律詞典,都是強譯,沒有對相關詞條的解釋。比如:「tribunal」在法律出版社出版的《英漢法律詞典》中,被定義為(1)法庭、裁判所;(2)法官席、審判員席;(3)裁判、批判。如果在法律文書中出現「」,該如何翻譯能?如果按該字典的解釋,將這句話翻譯為「在法院或裁判所進行的程序」,這到底是什麼意思?什麼是「裁判所」?其實,tribunal一詞與法院相對,指行政裁量機關,也就是獨立於法院之外的,對行政行為有權做實質性審查(meritsreview)的機關。(註:中國沒有類似機關,因此不能直譯) 四、我反對「多多益善」主義 英語國家的法律,都繼承英國普通法傳統,既包括成文法(statute)也包括判例法(caselaw)。如紐西蘭這樣的小國的「法律」,印出來,也比四庫全書多,而且還在不斷地增加。不要說美國、加拿大、澳洲還有聯邦立法和州立法之分! 因此,即使是澳洲最高院****官,也不敢說他精通「法律」(除非喝多了)。我們這些中國學習者,更不能奢望太多。所以,即使是法律書籍,也要有選擇,不能看得太雜。如果對合同法感興趣,建議先攻合同法總論。通了之後,再讀合同法分論(如貨物購銷合同、技術轉讓許可合同等等) 前面說的專業定向,也包括在法律內的專業選擇。以一兩個法律部類為主,其他相關部類為輔,這才是一個聰明而有效的學習法。忽而憲法、忽而刑法、忽而國際法,看似花哨,也只是花拳綉腿而已。 另外,國內還有一些所謂法律英語教材,東拼西湊了一些文章,加上注釋和譯文,既無體系,又無側重。這類讀物,只能算作英文教材,不能當法律書學習。我們既然不能靠讀法律文摘學中文法律,同樣不能這樣學英文法律。總結: (1)學習法律英語,是用英文學習法律,不是通過閱讀法律資料學習英文。所以,要用法律的方法學習;不能用語言的方法學習。因此,我反對「純英文」主義; (2)法律的方法,就是從基礎學起,找到法律發展的邏輯起點,了解名詞術語的特定含義,把握法律單元的整體構架。唯一能夠滿足這一要求的就是教科書。因此,我反對「名著」主義。 (3)知其然,不知其所以然,是「記問之學」,古人說,「記問之學,不足以為人師」,因為背來背去,都是別人的東西,沒有自己的心得,不是真實的學問。學習法律英語也是一樣。因此,我反對「範本」主義。 (4)最後,法律涉及面太廣,因此,必須有專業定向,有選擇,有取捨,有主次,有先後。把有限的時間安排好。否則,枉費心血,一事無成。因此,我反對「多多益善」主義。

⑶ 債權轉讓的問題

1、債權人可以將合同抄的權利全部或者部分轉讓給第三人,但有下列情形之一的除外:(1)根據合同性質不得轉讓;(2)按照當事人約定不得轉讓;(3)依照法律規定不得轉讓。2、債權人轉讓權利的,應當通知債務人。未經通知,該轉讓對債務人不發生效力。3、債權人轉讓權利的通知不得撤銷,但經受讓人同意的除外。4、債權人轉讓權利的,受讓人取得與債權有關的從權利,但該從權利專屬於債權人自身的除外。5、債務人接到債權轉讓通知後,債務人對讓與人的抗辯,可以向受讓人主張。6、債務人接到債權轉讓通知時,債務人對讓與人享有債權,並且債務人的債權先於轉讓的債權到期或者同時到期的,債務人可以向受讓人主張抵銷。

⑷ Transfer,Assignment,Charge和Pledge的區別

先看assign和transfer.兩者均有轉讓的意思,但又有區別。請看以下法律詞典的詞條。
assign 轉讓;動產轉讓轉讓財產,尤指轉讓屬人財產或動產〔personal or moveable property〕。在英格蘭,動產轉讓是指屬人動產、實產〔real property〕中的動產權益〔chattle interest〕或實產中的衡平法權益〔equitable interest〕的完全轉讓。它可以是無償的,也可以是有償的。在蘇格蘭,動產轉讓是指將債權、股權、版權、保險單等無形財產權完全或僅作為擔保加以轉讓的方式。並非所有權利都可轉讓,某些特定類型的權利轉讓需要特殊的手續。
transfer n.(1)轉換;轉移指對財產或其利益進行處理和分割的任何方式,包括金錢的支付、免除債務、租賃、設置負擔等,也包括財產權的保留;它可以採用直接或間接、無條件或附條件、自願或強制等各種類型的方法。(2)流通指按照法律形式進行票據流通,包括通過背書、支付、轉讓和法律規定等方式。(3)轉讓指財產或所有權等的讓與。
v.(4)移轉尤指改變佔有或支配。(5)賣給;贈給。
----元照英美法詞典
assign 讓與,動產轉讓
transfer (所有權的)讓與(把一個人的權利轉讓給另一人),(物權、產權等)轉讓
transfer, assignment, conveyance, negotiation 均有轉讓的含義。transfer 為一般術語,可泛指各種轉讓;assignment多為民法或合同法上的債權讓與,且常指轉讓無形財產的權利;conveyance 多指不動產,如土地物權(title)的轉讓,其也包括土地其他權利的轉讓或租賃(lease)、按揭(mortgage)或抵押(encumbrance);negotiation 常指票據法上的權利轉讓
----英漢法律英語大辭典
從元照英美法律詞典沒太看出兩個術語的區別。但依據英漢法律用語大辭典,transfer為一般術語,而assignment多用於民法和合同法上的債權讓與,及無線財產的權利的讓與。但查布萊克法律詞典第八版,assign用convey和transfer解釋。而transfer則用convey, remove from, pass or hand over from,但指出尤指佔有和支配的改變。可見這兩個術語雖然同義,但還是有區別的。
再看charge和pledge.
charge 擔保;負擔為保證債務的清償或義務的履行而在土地或其他財產上設定的抵押權〔mortgage〕、留置權〔lien〕或其他無特別名稱的擔保權利,如果土地所有人或其所擔保的人未償還債務或履行義務——例如納稅、支付遺產或年金等,擔保權利人可以訴請變賣土地以抵償債務。根據英國1925年《財產法》〔Law of Property Act〕,負擔分為普通法所承認的土地負擔——包括地租負擔〔rent charge〕、普通法上的抵押〔legal mortgage〕、土地稅負等——和衡平法上的土地負擔〔equitable charge〕。後者存在於債權人未取得對土地的普通法地產權的情況,例如通過寄存產權文書設定衡平法上的抵押〔equitable mortgage〕,或者借款人本身只對土地享有衡平法上的權利。土地上的負擔必須在土地登記局或類似政府主管機構登記,否則不能對抗已支付對價的買主。
pledge n.(1)質押債務人將其動產或無形財產證書交給債權人佔有,作為履行債務的擔保,債務人不履行債務時,債權人可變賣質物受償,但在變賣前債務人還可通過履行債務贖回質物。在美國,有關質押的法律大多已被《統一商法典》〔U.C.C.〕第九章有關擔保交易〔secured transactions〕的規定所替代。(2)(廣義)保證;擔保提供某些擔保物作為履行債務的保證。(3)質物;典當物;擔保物(4)(古)(復)訴訟保證人在普通法訴訟中,作為原告的保證人,其名字須附於起訴狀〔declaration〕之末。後來由於不再對提出虛假請求的原告處以罰款,即純粹成為一種形式,一般以虛構的人名John Doe和Richard Roe代替,或完全省略。
-----元照英美法詞典
charge 抵押,財產負擔
pledge 質押,質權v.質押;出質;典當
charge, mortgage, pledge, lien, hypothecation 均有債務人將其財產作質押擔保的含義。在英美法中,擔保包括人的擔保(personal security)和物的擔保(real security)兩種。其中物的擔保可分為三種類型:一為由債權人取得對擔保物的所有權,而不依賴於對物的佔有的擔保;二是債權人不享有對擔保物的所有權,但依賴於對物的佔有的擔保;三是既不依賴取得對物的所有權,也不依賴對物的佔有的擔保。屬於第一類型的擔保為mortgage(按揭),屬於第二類型的擔保有pledge(質押)和lien(留置),屬於第三類型的擔保有charge hypothecation。charge 和mortgage 經常用作不動產的擔保中。它們在實務上盡管區別不大,但在理論上,尤其是房地產抵押上仍存在較大差異。charge 是指房地產所有者將某些權益賦予債權人,作為償還債務或履行責任的擔保,一旦抵押人無力償還債務或履行責任,債權人即可行使這些權益,處置該抵押的房地產以獲得清償。charge不轉移房地產所有權,而只是賦予債權人對房地產的某些權益,包括佔有權益,故charge 十分等同大陸法系中的「抵押」,當然也有人主張將其譯為「財產負擔」。而mortgage 在香港則被譯為「按揭」,指房地產按揭人將其房地產的產權(業權)移轉給債權人,作為償還債務的擔保,但實際佔有權卻仍然為債務人所有。在按揭期間,債權人即成為按揭房地產的產權所有人,如債務人不履行債務或有其他違約行為,債權人可以按按揭房地產所有權人的名義起訴,取消按揭人的回贖權,從而取得按揭房地產的包括佔有權在內的絕對產權(title)。過去內地多將mortgage 譯為抵押,但鑒於該單詞的內涵與大陸法系的抵押含義有一定差異,且目前內地已開始使用「按揭」這個術語(盡管從法的角度上看,內地現仍從大陸法系的抵押觀念來認識按揭),從翻譯角度上講,筆者認為最好能將mortgage 翻譯為「按揭」。pledge為質押或質權,指佔有權而非所有權的轉移;而lien則為留置權;hypothecation 來源於羅馬法中的hypotheca,在英美法中,其常用作指海商法中的船隻或貨物的抵押
-----英漢法律用語大辭典
可見charge和pledge都有債務人用財產為自己債務擔保的含義。但charge指既不依賴取得對物的所有權,也不依賴對物的佔有的擔保,即我們所謂的抵押,而pledge指債權人不享有對擔保物的所有權,但依賴於對物的佔有的擔保,即我們所謂的質押。而布萊克法律詞典第八版對pledge的釋義為:the act of providing something as security for a debt or obligation; A lment or other deposit of personal property to a creditor as security for a debt or obligation.而對charge的釋義為:to impose a lien or claim, to ecumber.可見charge不僅指抵押,也有留置之意。但牛津法律詞典第五版對charge 的釋義如下:A legal or equitable interest in land, securing the payment of money. It gives the creditor in whose favour the charge is created (the chargee) the right to payment from the income or proceeds of sale of the land charged, in priority to claims against the debtor by unsecured creditors.可見charge主要指房地產所有人將地產上的某些權益給予債權人以作為債務的擔保,翻譯為「抵押」較妥。
可見assign和transfer雖同義,還是有區別的,但漢語翻譯無法體現。但要忠於原文,故本人選擇同義重復的譯法,而charge和pledge分別譯為「抵押」和「質押」。
見一網友翻譯功底不錯,其譯文如下:
10.其他
10.1 本協議的任何一方,在未得到另一方的書面許可前,都不得將其根據本協議所享有的全部或任何權利或義務分派、轉移、託管或抵押出去。

⑸ Assignment論文寫作有需要注意的格式嗎誰寫過啊

一般而言,assignment包括以下幾個部分:、introction、body、conclusion、reference、recommendation等,下面就來講講這幾個部分如何寫才符合要求。

Abstract (序);
一般,abstract只需要1-2段即可;
字數約為文章的10-15%;
Abstract的目的:讓讀者知道assignment的主要內容;
Abstract的開頭:用自己的語言總結並解釋文章題目,最好控制在1-2句話;
Abstract細節:概括assignment中寫了什麼,用2-3句話總結每個thesis;
Abstract的結尾:總結並延伸thesis和topic;
並不是每篇assignment都需要寫abstract,需要tutor要求,就按照這樣的形式寫。

Introction(前言):
一般,introction只需要1段即可,不可以分成2段來寫;
約為文章總數的10%;
Introction的開頭:1-2句解釋文章題目;接下來用2句話左右介紹文章題目的background;
Introction的內容:主要介紹assignment中寫了什麼,以 firstly, I will discuss…, and then I will…, thirdly, I will…的形式介紹每個thesis,每個論點用幾個詞即可;
Introction不需要總結句

Body(文章的主體部分,即文章重點討論的部分):
每一個thesis都必須用一段來寫,即每個段落只能出現一個thesis;
body部分不能出現I,he,she等人稱代詞,除非是舉例子;
每一段話都有要introction,explanation,examples。下面將詳細介紹這四個部分如何寫;
Introction:用1-2句介紹本段的thesis或idea;
Explanation:用1-2句解釋你的thesis;
Examples:舉一些簡單的例子支持你的thesis,這部分要重點寫,舉例子很寬泛,可以用名人說的話,專業文章的觀點,自己的親身經歷都可以用來舉例子;
Body一般有3-6個thesis,如果文章的字數在1000-3000字,body一般2-6段,每段要有聯系,有層層深入的聯系。

Conclusion:
一般,conclusion只需要一段即可,不可以分成2段來寫;
字數約為文章總數的10%;
Conclusion的第1-2句解釋文章題目;
Conclusion的內容:主要總結你文章thesis,每個thesis要用一句話;
Conclusion最後一句要延伸,但是不能出現新的thesis。
Introction和conclusion的區別
Introction是講你assignment要寫什麼,只要用幾個word概括你的thesis;
Conclusion是用1句話總結你的每個thesis,比introction詳細;
Introction需要介紹題目的background,conclusion不用,只需要概括總結題目。

Recommendation
Recommendation是文章標題的缺陷
一般只要寫一個thesis,提出解決辦法,格式和body段落的要求是一樣的:introction,explanation,example,然後用一句話做個conclusion
需要注意的是,一般情況下都不需要寫recommendation。

⑹ assignment的英文解釋

task or homework

⑺ c語言程序遇到invalid lvalue in assignment

||#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i;
for(a=1;a<=3;a++)
for(b=1;b<=9;a++)
for(c=1;c<=9;a++)
for(d=1;d<=9;a++)
for(e=1;e<=9;a++)
for(f=1;f<=9;a++)
for(g=1;g<=9;a++)
for(h=1;h<=9;a++)
for(i=1;i<=9;a++)
{
(a==b||a==c||a==d||a==e||a==f||a==g||a==h||a==i||b==c||b==d||b==e||b==f||b==g||b==h||b==i||c==d||c==e||c==f||c==g||c==h||c==i||d==e||d==f||d==g||d==h||d==i||e==f||e==g||e==h||e==i||f==g||f==h||f==i||g==h||g==i||h==i) continue;
if(3*(100*a+10*b+c)==(100*g+10*h+i)&&2/3*(100*d+10*e+f)==(100*g+10*h+i))
printf("%d\n%d\n%d\n",(100*a+10*b+c),(100*d+10*e+f),(100*g+10*h+i));
}
return 0;
}
錯誤我給你改了,不知道你程序的功能是什麼,沒有結果

⑻ 跪求一篇英文Assignment

這篇關於Group work,團隊工作的,字數滿多的,內容可以參考下:)~~

Different people have various opinions. Some poeple claim that teamwork surely beats working indivially; while others argue that working by oneself is better than worling in a group. On balance, I would say that there is no easy answer to this rather complicated issue. Which one is more proctive depends on the situation. In other words, sometimes it is good to work indivially; sometimes it is wiser to join a group.

Teamwork requires cooperative effort, people are more motivated and therefore more proctive working in teams than working indivially as competitors. My view is that this assertion is true only in some cases.

If one examines the business world, for example, it becomes clear that which approach is more effective in motivating people and in achieving proctivity depends on the specific job. In some jobs, proctivity dearly depends on the ability of co-workers to cooperate as members of a team. For businesses involved in the proction of procts through complex processes, all departments and divisions must work in lock-step fashion toward proct rollout. Cooperative interaction is even essential in jobs performed in relative isolation and in jobs in which technical knowledge or ability, not the ability to work with others, would seem to be most important. For example, scientists, researchers, and even computer programmers must collaborate to establish common goals, coordinate efforts, and meet time lines. Moreover, the kinds of people attracted to these jobs in the first place are likely to be motivated by a sense of common purpose rather than by indivial ambition.

In other types of jobs indivial competition, tenacity, and ambition are the keys to proctivity. For example, a commissioned salesperson's compensation, and sometimes tenure and potential for promotion as well, are based on comparative sales performance of co-workers. Working as competitors, a firm's indivial salespeople maximize proctivity-in terms of profit--both for themselves and for their firm. Key leadership positions also call, above all, for a certain tenacity and competitive spirit. A firm's founding entrepreneur must maintain this spirit in order for the firm to survive, let alone to maximize proctivity. Moreover, in my observation, the kinds of people inclined toward entrepreneurship and sales in the first place are those who are competitive by nature, not those who are motivated primarily by a sense of common purpose.

On balance, however, my view is that cooperation is more crucial for an organization's long-term proctivity than indivial competition. Even in jobs where indivial competitiveness is part-and-parcel of the job, the importance of cooperation should not be underestimated. Competition among sales people can quickly grow into jealousy, back stabbing, and unethical behavior all of which are counterproctive. And even the most successful entrepreneurs would no doubt admit that without the cooperative efforts of their subordinates, partners, and colleagues, their personal visions would never become reality.
We can not neglect the power of cooperation which can make the group work more efficient than indivial workers. The world today is charging at every minute, and people in the society can not catch themselves sometimes. They are busy striving for survive, studying for the improvement. But with the trend of world global more and more chances have been implied to people for their cooperation in their work. We will see Bill Gates the president of Microsoft when he drop out from Harvard University and make his own operating system--DOS, and now the Microsoft company has dominated the software field of PC market. During that time it is easier for an indivial to get success than today is. How it will going if you want someone to write the system of windows XP or windows 2000 all by himself? May be he can not finish the thouands of lines of code ring his whole life. Hence we will find how powerful teamwork is! With the cooperation in our work, we can finish a large work, solve a difficult problem, and achieve our own goals through the process.

But whether we can say that at any time we should put team work at first and throw the competition which can be take places by cooperation? What can indivial competition give us? This is not a hard question, and the thought of competition may in our brain since we go into our school. For the teachers give us a score in every test in order to show how well we have done in this lesson. The score not only brings us the one above but it also brings us the competition. Everyone want to be a successful man, so he will do his best to studying which can make him get a high mark in his final test. There is not any wrong with this phenomenon. But ring the process the competition among any indivial become more and more serious, the higher position you get, the more competition you will meet. It is not only in our daily studying, but in all the aspects of our daily life. So it is necessary for us to pay more attention to the way of competition. Whether it is right can lead you to different results.

So as we know, both the cooperation and the indivial competition are important for any group and the members of the group. We have talk about the cooperation and competition seperately above. But in my opinion it is not right to dividing the competition and cooperation into two parts. We should see in our world today the competition is needed fro the growth of any indivial with the premise that we have the idea that teamwork can help us make more efficient and happier in our work.

Teamwork means better outcome in certain cercumstances. In a team, you can not only feel the "peer presure" of other members in the group which is good to your proctivity, but also get help from others. My preparation of the Graate Record Examination is a good case in piont. At first I used to prepare for the test by myself. After a few weeks, however, I found it so difficlut remembering thousands of words as well as writing such difficult essays. I was about to give up. In order to get more motivation, I went to see a classmate who is also preparing for GRE, and asked him if we could prepare for the test together. As he agreed, from that day on, we talk to each other what we learned the day before, which soon I found to to be a good way of studying. When he told me that he remembered 50 new words, as I congratulated him, I told myself, "I am going to try to remember 55 today, more than you did". In addition, when we feel depressed, it was always good to tell each other how we felt. Once he found his girlfriend cheeting on him. He was so sad that he couldn't concerntrate on GRE preparation. However, as the saying goes, "A happiness shared by two is double happiness; a sorrow shared by two is half sorrow." As he shared his sorrow to me, he felt much better.Further more, we often lended our books to each other. Working in a group really helped both of us in a variety of aspects.

On the other hand, often times it is better working by our own than working with other people. What the manager of a cooperation usually do when he finds the proctivity of a group to remain low is cutting off the number of people in the group, down to only one at times. The reason is simple. When there are too many people in a group, it is rather difficult to reach an agreement, because different people hold different opinions, which results in a waste of time as the argument goes on. What's more, in some cases it is not necessary to havemore people wrking on a project. For instance, in the spacecraft "Shenzhou II" that China sent into the space, there is only one operator in it. The more people there are in the space craft, the more money the government spends, the more risk the government takes. As a result, having as less people as possible in such a big project means less investment and more security, and it surely brings up the proctivity.

In conclusion, it is not fair to say working indivially is more proctive than working in a group, or vice versa. Whether we choose to work by our won or jion in a group depands on the situation we are in.indivial competitiveness and ambition are essential motivating forces for certain types of jobs, while in other jobs it is a common sense of mission that motivates workers to achieve maximum proctivity. In the final analysis, however, the overall proctivity of almost every organization depends ultimately on the ability of its members to cooperate as a team.

⑼ 如何寫英文論文的reading assignment

是國內的英文,還是留學的英文,差距是很大的哦,不能一概而論
網路「慧譯通」,即可交流探討,又可搞定任務,專業靠譜

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