defaultrule合同法

A. yii rule設置default和mysql default有什麼區別

CFilterValidator 過濾驗證屬性
filter – 方法名 (調用用戶自己定義的函數)
實例：
array(『username』, 『test』) function test() { $username = $this->username; if($username != 『lh』){ $this->addError(『username』, 『username must be lh』); } }
使用這個方法如果你還在array裡面寫message=>」,給出的提示信息還是你的test裡面的。也就是以test裡面的錯誤信息為准

B. 懇請高手將俺的法碩畢業論文的論文摘要翻譯成英文

Non-compliance with the responsibility of civil tort liability is the most basic and most important of the two types of civil liability. Although the General Principles of Civil Law in China set up a special chapter on civil liability, respectively, the two types of civil liability has been stipulated, but only for abstract modern legal provisions to regulate the social life of the perspective is different. Because of the complexity of the relationship between civil, civil offense to the multiplicity of nature, a practice of frequent violations at the same time in line with the characteristics of two types of civil liability, a civil liability competing. China's Contract Law Section 122 provides only established the default liability and tort liability competing general rule that people can only choose to exercise their right to request a right. Although different countries default liability and tort liability competing requirements different, but the right of people can only exercise the right to a request, we can not repeat the debt service, national legislation and judicial practice is consistent with the position. As the focus of the right to request all kinds of different, although the contents are basically the same relief, however, a request which the exercise of the right, the result is not exactly the same. Whether the right to request the exercise of the right to choose, the right to have the interests of a relationship.
The victim in options, as our tort liability system and the default provisions of the responsibility system and the burden of proof with regard to the scope of protection, and other great distinction, at the request of the right to choose different in China's current legal provisions under the protection it will proce different results. And this for the victims, the same damage should be essentially the same compensation, or else they would have proceral fairness led to the unfair entities.
This paper attempts to breach of ty and infringement on the responsibility of the distinction between the two, competing for the competing theory in the world and the current judicial practice patterns, the use of comparative studies, theoretical analysis and empirical case approach on how to choose the request of the victim, competing responsibilities in the interests of the victim how to be well protected and to identify strengths and weaknesses of competing theories and justice on the basis of practice, and thus promote China's Contract Law No. 122 of the legal provisions on how to resolve such cases in litigation, breach of contract and tort liability should be the responsibility of competing restrictions, the full gains and losses balance the interests of clients, trying to make their own legislative proposals with a view to civil legislation and judicial practice to contribute.

C. 華為防火牆應用控制怎麼設置自定義應用策略

這個要開啟防火牆的DPI（簡單的說也就是上網行為管理）功能，你的設備版本是什麼？如果是V100R005SPC500的話，直接升級到V100R005SPC700可以通過WEB配置上網行為管理，非常方便。如果沒法升級，就只有命令行了，剛好我有之前配置的一些文檔，你看下：sys首先進入配置模式dpienable開啟深度包檢測功能.x.x.xdnsserverx.x.x.x配置DNS參數，按照你們當地的地址配置dpiusingdefaultrule-baseupdateserverupdaterule-baseremoteperiod2q進入DPI配置，配升級伺服器與升級周期，退出acl2000ruledenysourcex.x.x.x0配置ACL，拒絕源地址（零代表單一主機地址）rulepermitquitrule0if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_impacket-filteracl-number2000rule1if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_im_httppacket-filteracl-number2000rule2if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_wirelesspacket-filteracl-number2000rule3if--filteracl-number2000rule4if-_encrypted_datapacket-filteracl-number2000rule5if-_httppacket-filteracl-number2000配置拒絕協議，引用規則relation-detectionenablewhole-packet-searchenable開啟全包檢測功能q退出-statecheck開啟防火牆會話檢測q退出sa保存配置戰斗結束

D. 中國合同法

第402條規定的情況
第402條規定的是第三人在訂立合同時知道受託人與委託人之間的代理關系的情況，這時，該合同直接約束委託人和第三人，但有確切證據證明該合同只約束受託人和第三人的除外。該條實際上是《日本民法典》第100條但書規定和《德國民法典》第164條第1款第2項規定的翻版。《日本民法典》第99條規定，「代理人於其許可權內明示為本人而進行的意思表示，直接對本人發生效力。前款規定，准用於第三人對代理人所進行的意思表示。」第100條規定了未明示為本人的行為，「代理人未明示為本人而進行的意思表示，視為為自己所為。但是，相對人已知其為本人所為或可得知其為本人時，准用前條第一款的規定」。〔31〕《德國民法典》第164條第1款第1項規定：某人在其享有的代理許可權范圍內以被代理人的名義進行意思表示的，其意思表示直接為被代理人和對被代理人發生效力。第2項規定：表示是否明示以被代理人名義進行，或依情形表示是否應以被代理人名義進行，並無區別。〔32〕
綜合考慮我國合同法的規定，並借鑒《日本民法典》、《德國民法典》的上述規定，我們可以分析得出第402條的構成。
首先，受託人是以自己的名義與第三人訂立合同。如果受託人以本人名義訂立合同則直接適用代理的規定，發生代理的效果。
其次，第三人知道委託人與受託人之間的代理關系。我國有學者認為，第402條的適用前提為英美法中的隱名代理，即受託人雖表明自己為他人代理的身份，但不指出委託人究竟是誰。〔33〕還有學者認為，知道委託人與受託人之間的代理關系是明確知道，而不包括應當知道，也不包括知道得不確切的情況。知道的內容包括具體的被代理人和委託授權的內容及期限。〔34〕筆者認為，該條適用的前提應該是第三人知道或者應該知道代理的事實以及被代理人是誰，而委託授權的內容以及期限則不必知道。因為如果是出於保護第三人的目的而做這種解釋，就有些杞人憂天了，畢竟還有表見代理制度來保護信賴代理外觀的相對人利益。筆者這樣定義知道的內容主要是基於以下理由。
首先，如果對照《日本民法典》第99條和第100條的規定、《德國民法典》第164條第1款第2項規定，我們只能得出這樣的結論——第三人必須知道本人是誰，否則他也無法將法律行為的後果直接歸屬於本人。日本學者在解釋第100條但書適用的情形時，進行了舉例說明：雖然本人的姓名沒有明確指示出來，但是，從具體情境能夠推斷出本人是誰，例如在某經營場所內雇員進行的行為，一般來說就是為經營者的僱主（本人）所為的。〔35〕其次，如果從體繫上考慮，合同法在委託合同中規定的代理情形是區別於行紀的，如果第三人不知道、也無從知道具體的被代理人，則應該適用行紀的規定。需要特別指出的是，本條規定的情況並非針對的是英美法中的隱名代理。隱名本人的代理並非是表明代理關系存在，而不披露本人，前文已述，這是部分顯名本人，也稱作不公開本人姓名的代理。而「隱名代理」是不公開本人身份的代理，是指第三人在訂立合同時不知道或不可能知道與他訂立合同的人是在為另外一個人而訂約，而是以為他是在與同他訂約的人進行交易。〔36〕如果合同的第三人不知道和自己正在進行交易的對方事實上只是代理人，就第三人而言，他認為自己完全是在和代理人進行合同交易，則這時的本人(principal）就是隱名的（undisclosed）。〔37〕權威的法律詞典對隱名代理所做的定義也採取這種理解，如「隱名本人指的是代理人隱匿了自己只是在授權范圍內代表另一個人締結合同的事實；由此，在事實披露後，代理人或者本人都可以訴合同的另一方當事人，也都可以被另一方所訴。」〔38〕「隱名代理（undisclosed
agency）於代理人不通知第三人代理之情形而進行交易時成立」。「在代理人進行交易之時，另一方當事人並不知曉代理人是為本人而行為的，此時的本人就是隱名本人（undisclosed
principal）。」〔39〕包括台灣學者在內的我國大多數學者將隱名代理定義為代理人姓名的隱去，而代理關系存在之事實當事人均知悉，這是對英美法中隱名代理制度的誤讀。
再次，從時間上看，知道的時間應該是受託人以自己的名義與第三人訂立合同的時候。因為，事後才知道代理人和本人的關系的話，則無法判斷出第三人要與委託人簽訂合同關系的意圖。第三人要與委託人訂立合同的意願是在合同締結之初存在的，不能在合同履行甚至違約時做出判斷。
又次，必須沒有證據表明合同只約束受託人和第三人。例如，合同雙方在簽訂契約之時特別約定，合同只拘束受託人和第三人。
最後，從法律效果上分析，該條規定的是直接代理，因為其法律後果直接約束委託人與第三人，而不是賦予委託人介入權或者第三人選擇權。
綜上所述，我們得出，我國合同法第402條規定的原型實際上是大陸法系《日本民法典》第100條的但書規定和《德國民法典》第164條第1款第2項的規定，而不是英美法的隱名代理制度。因此，在分析該條規定時，不能依據隱名代理制度設計其構成，在適用該條規定時，也不能參考隱名代理制度來理解。同時，該條的效果也是直接代理的效果，與第403條的規定聯系不大。
第403條規定的情況
如果受託人以自己的名義與第三人訂立合同，第三人不知道受託人與委託人之間的代理關系，則適用第403條的規定。這是該條適用的前提條件，但如何解釋這個條件卻得大費周章。從字面解釋，不知道「受託人與委託人之間的代理關系」有兩種理解：第一、根本就不知道受託人是受人之託；第二、不知道受託人是受何人所託，但是知道受託人是受人之託。我國有學者將該條適用的前提定義為「未披露委託人的代理」，指代理人根本不表明自己為他人代理的身份，更不指明委託人。〔40〕筆者贊成此點解釋。但此點解釋存在著很大的障礙。首先如果是這樣，文面索性就規定「第三人不知道代理關系」了事，免得徒生歧義；其次，本條與第402條使用的語言完全一致——「受託人與委託人之間的代理關系」，那解釋上也應該一致——委託人應該是具體特指的那個人。第三人不知道受託人與委託人之間的代理關系，也就應該解釋為第三人不知道具體的委託人是誰。〔41〕最後，根本的原因還在於，前文已述，合同法的立法過程告訴我們，第402條和第403條的內容曾經是作為對外貿易行紀的內容放在行紀部分里，那麼，只能說明，立法本意中這兩條所規定的就是一種需要特殊處理的行紀關系。因為行紀人是專門做行紀業務的，行紀合同中的第三人知道委託關系存在。既然合同法做出這樣的規定主要是為了解決外貿代理的問題，那麼，似乎這樣一種解釋——第三人不知道受託人是受誰人之託，但是知道受託人是受人之託——就是必然了。但如果說該條是借鑒英美法的代理制度做出的規定，那麼如此解釋就會使我們的《合同法》犯一個原則性錯誤。因為做出這樣的解釋後，該條規定的情形符合英美法上不公開本人姓名的半顯名代理的情況，而在半顯名代理的情況下，第三人的選擇權是不適用的。半顯名代理中的第三人對本人和代理人享有的權利不是或此或彼的，而是累積的（cumulative），直至其權利全部實現。有兩個邏輯支持這一處理原則：首先代理人必須是合同的當事人，因為通常人們不會希望完全和一個未知的人做交易；其次，半顯名的本人也是合同的當事人，因為通常情況下，與代理人交易的相對人希望合同為之計算的那個人來承擔責任。〔42〕如此分析後，我們自己也嚇了一跳：該條的規定實際上違背了立法者的本意，反而使立法意圖專門解決的外貿代理問題被架空了。無奈之下，我們的分析也只能參考英美法代理制度中隱名代理條件下的委託人的介入權和第三人的選擇權，不得不忽略適用前提問題。但讓我們欣慰的是，英美法代理制度的發展使得隱名代理與半顯名代理的區別越來越小，如下文詳述的隱名代理中，法院已經開始放棄或者修正第三人的選擇權規則，第三人的地位已經趨近於半顯名代理中第三人。這也許可以作為我們忽略規則適用的制度背景的一個借口。
1、委託人的介入權。
受託人因第三人的原因對委託人不履行義務，受託人應當向委託人披露第三人，委託人因此可以介入受託人與第三人之間的合同關系，直接行使受託人對第三人的權利。這里，委託人行使介入權的條件如下：
其一，因為第三人的原因致使受託人不能向委託人履行義務；如果是受託人的原因，則委託人可以直接向受託人主張權利，而不必涉及第三人。
其二，受託人向委託人披露第三人。這里的披露內容是指受託人向委託人指出具體的第三人。
在委託人不履行義務導致受託人無法向第三人履行義務，以及第三人的原因致使受託人無法向委託人履行義務的情況下，會發生受託人披露第三人或者委託人的問題。這是受託人的義務，但是，如果受託人不願意披露第三人或委託人，則只能由受託人自己來承擔法律後果。這時，就需要按照純粹的三方當事人，兩個獨立的合同來處理。
其三，委託人行使介入權要受限制。
我國《合同法》規定的限制條件有兩個：第三人與受託人訂立合同時，如果知道委託人就不會訂立合同，則委託人不得行使介入權；第三人可以向本人主張其對代理人能夠主張的抗辯權。根據學者的解釋，第三人如果知道委託人就不會訂立合同的情況主要有：第三人和受託人在合同中明確規定，禁止他人的介入；第三人純粹是因為信賴受託人個人而與之締結契約，如非常注重受託人的信用、技能、履約能力等；一些必須要由受託人親自履行的合同，委託人也不宜介入；第三人曾經與委託人協商訂約，因懷疑委託人的信用、履約能力等情況而拒絕與其締結合同。〔43〕
美國判例法確定，在下列情況下委託人行使介入權要受到一些限制。
第一、與向代理人履行相比，對本人履行將給第三人帶來更大的負擔，如第三人向本人履行，地理距離上多出一倍。這時，第三人有權要求額外的費用，或者免除其向本人履行的義務。
第二、代理人或者本人惡意隱瞞了代理的事實。
第三、合同要求代理人親自履行，如代理人是著名的風景畫畫家，同時也是藝術家們的經紀人，同意為第三人的農場做畫，但內心裡卻想讓另一位畫家來完成。這種情況下，如果代理人沒有事先向第三人言明是要另一位畫家來完成，則必須由其親自完成。
第四、第三人可以向本人主張其對代理人能夠主張的抗辯權。例如，代理人因另一筆交易而欠第三人100元，則第三人就可以向本人主張從履行中抵銷掉這100元。〔44〕在美國代理制度中，第三人在履行完自己對代理人的義務後，對被代理人可以不再承擔責任，其前提是抗辯在第三人知悉本人存在之事實前成立。因為根據美國代理法重述（第2次）第307（1）（a），在相對人知悉本人存在前，隱名代理人都是合同的當事人。〔45〕我國合同法第403條第3款規定，委託人行使受託人對第三人的權利的，第三人可以向委託人主張其對受託人的抗辯，但沒有就該款的適用做出限定。考慮到第三人有可能和受託人同謀惡意侵害委託人的利益，在委託人行使介入權的情況下，第三人對於委託人提出的抗辯，應該以知道或者能夠知道未顯名的委託人之前存在的抗辯理由為限。
2、第三人的選擇權。
受託人因委託人的原因對第三人不履行義務，受託人應當向第三人披露委託人，第三人因此可以選擇受託人或者委託人作為相對人主張其權利，但第三人不得變更選定的相對人。這里的關鍵問題是，在第三人選定相對人以後就不得再變更。也就是說，如果第三人向委託人主張權利後未獲實現，則第三人就無法再向受託人主張合同義務。這是英美法上的一項原則性規定，認為第三人對於代理人的權利和第三人對於本人的權利是沖突的，一旦選擇其一就不能改變主意向另一方起訴。〔46〕不得變更相對人的規定有其制度背景，如果本人已經向代理人支付了價金，但代理人沒有將其付給第三人，本人是否需要向第三人再付款？在英國法中，答案是「他必須這樣做」！〔47〕我國合同法在規定第三人選擇權的同時，又規定了委託人可以對第三人主張自己對受託人的抗辯以及受託人對第三人的抗辯。這樣，如果委託人已經與受託人了結了債務，則委託人就不會再做出第二次給付。我國學者據此認為，我國合同法的規定實際上與所謂純正的英美法不公開本人身份的代理理論背道而馳。〔48〕但是，如何看待本人對於第三人所擔負的責任，這在美國代理制度的發展歷史上是有過反復的。代理法最初並非是一個顯在的法律分支領域，只是後來因為組織性社團的出現，才使得對其研究和討論蓬勃發展起來。19世紀美國關於代理制度的討論並不區分本人的責任和僱主責任，本人所承擔的責任就是僱主-雇員之間關系適用的嚴格責任。正如約瑟夫·斯托里（Joseph
Story）論述的那樣，在一般授權（general
authority）的情況下，本人要對代理人的行為承擔責任，即使代理人違反了本人所發出的指示。盡管在特別授權（special
authority）時情況不同。這種論點被歸結為地位（status-based
framework）說。19世紀中葉，斯托里關於一般代理和特別代理的分類受到了批判。當時社會分工進一步發展，企業結構發生了巨大的變化。在斯托里時代，代理人與本人之間通常存在著個人關系，而19世紀的公司大爆炸使得雇員的數量越來越多，他們分散在全國各地，使他們有機會和條件超越代理許可權范圍。於是，西奧菲勒斯·帕森（Theophilus
Parsons）對斯托里的分類進行批判，提出任何人只能受其個人意志形成的代理的拘束。1876年，弗朗西斯·沃頓（Francis
Wharton）在其《代理與代理人法釋（Commentary on the Law of Agency and
Agents）》一書中，將代理與僱傭（service）進行了區分，認為前者事關業務經營，雇員有自由裁量的權利；而後者是事務性的操作，雇員必須執行具體明確的指令。這樣，19世紀上葉作為獨立自足的代理法分支，在19世紀下半葉便開始消跡於侵權或者合同法領域之中。沃頓還試圖把本人從僱傭關系的嚴格責任中解脫出來，而採用過失標准。也是在這個時代，代理法被司法實踐看作是合同法的分支。但根據嚴格的合同意思理論（the
will
theory），要求本人對第三人負責、第三人向本人承擔責任存在解釋上的困難，因為和並不知曉其存在的人進行交易，不能說是意思達成了合致。但法院認為，如果讓本人不承受任何負擔就享有利益是不公正的，因此，隱名本人要對代理人和第三人之間的交易負責。〔49〕20世紀初，美國著名學者亞瑟·科賓（Arthur
Corbin）關於合同的論述，影響了對隱名本人向第三人承擔責任的基礎的研究。他認為「違約責任不是當事人協議的結果，而是法律的產物」。〔50〕緊在科賓之後，1920年，哈佛大學法學院的沃倫·西維（Warren
Seavey）教授提出，隱名本人對於代理人和第三人之間的合同所應該具有的當事人地位，是普通法上的衡平規則，本人所承擔的責任是法律根據具體情形之正義要求設定的義務，與當事人的意志無涉。〔51〕在今天，當受託人接受了委託人的履行後，卻不能向第三人履行時，該如何處理，美國法院的看法事實上仍然不一致。多數說認為，在本人尚未公開時，如果本人和代理人之間對於債權債務的處理出於誠信，本人認為代理人會向第三人履行，則本人可以免責。而少數說認為，隱名本人並不免除清償之責，除非第三人的行為讓本人有理由相信代理人已經進行了償付。多數說的根據在於，本人基於善意向代理人做出的履行並不損害第三人，因為第三人的預期中，代理人是唯一的交易對方，因此他也必須承擔和代理人之間的信用風險。而少數說的論據在於，得到了本人支持的代理人在第三人看來是完全不同的一個獨立的交易者，而且本人有無窮無盡的措施可以保護他自己。不能因為本人倚賴其代理人的誠實而不是他自己的調查就讓第三人受損。〔52〕和美國法院的多數觀點進行比較，我國合同法的規定與其差距並不大，唯一不同的是，我們沒有對有效抗辯做出限定，從主觀上看，本人向代理人履行的行為必須出於誠信和善意；從客觀上看，有效抗辯必須是在第三人選擇之前存在的。在第三人選擇以後，本人要為第三人的利益做出考慮。因此，《荷蘭民法典》做出了如下規定：如果一個代理人以自己的名義進行交易，違反了他對第三人所負的義務，或者如果他已經破產，第三人可以向本人提出書面通知，並且直接對其起訴，但范圍只限於本人在接到通知後應對代理人所承擔的責任。〔53〕
第三人的選擇權在美國很多州受到了攻擊，在這些州第三人獲得了大翻盤，他們爭取到了針對本人的額外的權利，而不是原來的選擇性權利。他們成功地說服了法院，第三人只享有選擇本人和代理人其中之一的權利是不公平的，因為在關鍵性的代理人破產的情況下，往往會僅僅因為第三人犯了相信代理人有足夠的資產償債的錯誤，便使本人從交易中獲取利益而不必履行自己的義務。〔54〕摒棄第三人選擇規則（the election rule or election of remedied
rule）已經成為一種趨勢，時下在美國的多數州，法院要求本人和代理人對第三人承擔連帶責任

E. 急求關於合同法基本原則的英文論文及翻譯 謝謝朋友了！

The first party:
The second party:

Both parties according to A B amity consultation, and basis 《 the People's Republic of China contract method 》 provision, transact the computer for the first party from the second party[ so-and-so company] carry on the sale gearing, especially sign this contract.The both parties wish to obey the following item also:

Article 1:Service contents
A, our company sells the whole computers, all a professional personnel test, match the nation 《 the proct quantity method 》 , 《 standardize the method 》 and public security official's department related provision, device in before sell all stuck to protect to fix to seal in the particular position of the equipments;
Two, the device that sell, all from the operation method that my professional personnel of company teaches the device, make the appropriate technique training also when it's necessary;
Three, all device from sell from this very day, in a year breakdown proce by the device quantity, will practice:
A, three months protects to change;
B, free protect to fix in three years;
Four, after system check before acceptance, three months protect to use the period inside, if because of the equipments quantity problem occurrence break down, our company even replaces together model number new proct;
Five, protect to fix the period as three years.This period, my company implements the gratis maintenance service.After receiving the customer breakdown, send the professional personnel to be present immediately;
Six, take place as follows one of the factors, the loss result in break down, don't belong to protect to use, protect to fix the scope, our company forgives not to take any economic responsibility:
1, not belong to the profession of my company to maintain the personnel or engineering the personnel tears to protect to fix to seal, tearing open the machine of;
2, a fire, the electric shock, outside object tumble down or the equipments damage that other natural disasters cause;
3, not my company officers and workers or not my company authorization user usage, or usage power the one who use carries on operation to result in of artificial breakdown;
Seven, the device that our company sells and starts construction to install in the engineering check before acceptance after, must create file, and fill in" the equipments keeps on record the card".Hereafter the device maintain the movement circumstances and should stuff with this card;
Eight, the first party if have a great achievement increment or the service needs of ability, all with the both parties are written form, E-mail or fax for basis, all fluctuation, all with the both parties' representative director confirm for precise.

Article 2:Support the contract period
The equipments maintenance period:
Month from year from day,
Go to the year month day, for expect the month.

4, payment and deliver goods the way:
1) all contract amount of money, add up the total amount of money as a renminbi of … , the first party adopts an all styles( use the check remittance) with all paid sex to the second party after install complete.
2) the conveyance method and expenses burden:
The second party presses the first party to request to install to adjust to try to like to provide to the first party, the traffic expense is undertake by the second party.
3) date of delivery:Deliver goods in year month day
4) place of delivery:

Article 4:Both parties' responsibility
The second party:
1, must guarantee the above-mentioned proct to proce also for the original factory from formality of, legal of outlet import;
2, protect to fix the standard:From need the square to check before acceptance qualified press to proce the factory house to protect to fix the standard performance from day;
3, protect to fix and support the way:The second party provides three years of free maintenance service towards the equipments that provide.( if the hardware appear the breakdown, can't solve in time, the second party need to be provide in time together the model number proct substitutes at the time)When the first party's occurrence equipments
While breaking down and notifying the second party with the telephone or written form way, the second party should at 6 work arrive to break down the spot.
The first party:
1, after goods arrive check before acceptance immediately, if discover the problem, replacing at the request of the telephone notify the second party to resolve in 7 or, otherwise seeing as check before acceptance qualified.
2, the first party can't bear debt all expenseses of the second party;Break contract the square needs toward the second party to pay 0.1%/ day of penalty fee( put together together amount of money).
Other:
1, the maintenance period expires, A B both parties another go to sign to support the contract, continue the service item.
2, break contract the responsibility:The second party can't request time to deliver goods according to the first party, belonging to the default behavior;The first party can't rule the deadline to pay the payment according to the contract, belonging to the default behavior.Break contract the square needs toward the other party to pay the penalty fee, fining money the total amount not to exceed to match
0.1% that is together.
3, solve the way of the contract dispute:This contract occurrence dispute, was negotiate by both parties or the intermediation does not become, any square has the power to initiate public prosecution toward court of the people.
4, contract if have the not known exhausted place, both parties amity the consultation solve.
5, once the contract book try two, from the both parties' representative the signing adds to cover the Company's seal or a young man of contract effects also, faxing the piece to have the equal legal effect.

Make agreement the person
A square: B square:
Representative: Representative:
Sign the date: Sign the date:
Telephone: Telephone:
Address: Address:

F. 1999年英國合同法在什麼背景下修訂的。。求高人幫忙。。英語簡單介紹一下1999合同法的背景

請問是關於第三方權力的嗎？
這部法律叫 <<合同（第三方權力）法 1999>>
背景是這樣的，英國的合同法是由案例法組成的。案例法里有一條規則，也就是說第三方不能請求法院執行合同里賦予他的權力 (叫 Privity rule)。比如，A和B簽訂合同，在A死後B每月給C 2000 英鎊，按照案例法，如果A死後B不給C錢，C以個人名義無權請求執行這項權力。

The Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act came into existence e to the deficiencies of the Privity rule of the Common Law. The rule states that third parties cannot enforce contractual rights in contracts of which they are not a party. For example, if A signs a contract with B to pay C 2000 pounds after death, under Common Law, C has no right to enforce this right under his personal capacity. This rule is often seen as harsh and unnecessary.

G. 英美法系、大陸法系、我國合同法以及公約對救濟方法有何不同規定

1、賣方違反合同的補救方法
主要有三種情況：
(1)不交貨
交貨是賣方的一項最基本的義務，對賣方違反買賣同規定拒絕交貨，各國的法律規定不同：
大陸法系國家規定：當賣方拒絕交貨時，買方可採取實行履行救濟方法，是指債權人有權要求債務人按照合同規定履行交貨義務;同時買方也可採取解除合同、請求損害贈償的救濟方法。
英美法系國家則強調：一切合同義務都當事人所作為的許諾，即使做出許諾的一方沒有過失，也構成違約，同樣應承擔違約責任。
《公約》規定：在賣方拒不交貨的情況下，可採取以下三種救濟主法：
a.要求對方履行交貨義務;
b.在一定條件下，可以撤銷合同;
c.請求損害賠償。
(2)延遲交貨
《公約》在延遲問題上的處理方式， 參照《德國民法典》的做法，在第49條規定，只有當賣方延遲交貨構成根本違反合同時，買方才可以撤銷合同。《公約》還規定，無論買方採取保種救濟方法，都不妨礙買方請求損害賠償的權利，即使買方已經以賣方遲延交貨為理由撤銷其合同。
(3)貨物與合同不符
當賣方所交付的貨物在品質、規格、數量或包裝等方面與合同約定不相符時，買方應採取哪些補救方法，各國法律有不同的規定。
《公約》規定，即買方應在發現或應發現不符情形後一段合理時間內通知賣方，說明不符情形的性質，否則即喪失聲稱貨物不符合同的權利。一般情況下可採取以下幾種救濟方法：
a.要求交付替代物;
b.要求對不符合同的貨物進行修補;
c.在寬限期內履行;
d.要求減低價格;
e.交貨部分合格的情況下，不能全部解除(如果是機械配件可以)。
f.撤銷合同(解除合同);
g.請求損害賠償。
2、買方違反合同的補救方法
買方違反合同的主要表現有：
(1)不按合同的規定支付貨款;
(2)不按合同規定受領貨物。
出現以上情況，應採取哪些補救辦法?各國法律規定不同。
a.大陸法系國家規定：如《德國民法典》規定，如買方不支付貨款，賣方可以採取：
提起訴訟，要求支付價金;
請求賠償和解除合同。
b.英美法系規定：賣方只能請求損害贈償，而不能解除合同。買方拒收物和拒絕支付貨款時，賣方可採取兩種不同的救濟方法：
一是債權方面的救濟方法：當貨物的所有權尚未轉移買方時，如買方拒絕受領貨物或拒不付款，賣方一般無權對買方提出價金之訴，而只能以買方不接受貨物為由，對買方提出損害賠償的訴訟。
如果貨物的所有權已經轉移於買方，可能有兩種情況：一是買方無理拒絕貨物，賣方可以以買方拒絕接受貨物為由請求損害賠償，也可以向買方提出支付價金之訴;二是買方已經接受了貨物，而拒絕對付貨款，賣方唯一的救濟方法就是向買方提起價金之訴，要求支付貨款。
二是物權方面的救濟方法：是指未收到貨款的賣方對貨物所享有的物權。英國法律規定，當買方不支付貨款時，賣方可以對貨物進行以下兩種權利：
留置權：即未收到貨款的賣方可以對貨物行使留置權，把貨物留下來作為支付價金的擔保，直至買方支付全部價金為止。一旦貨物脫離賣方佔有(已發運過去)，賣方就不能行使此項權利，而只能行使中途停運權。
停運權：是指未收到貨款的賣方在買方無力清償債務時，把已脫離其佔有但仍處於運輸途中的貨物，重新取運回來的一項權利。行使此項權利需具備以下條件：賣方必須已經交出了對貨物的佔有;買方確無清償能力;只能在貨物的運輸途中行使。
3、買賣雙方都可採取的救濟方法
(1)損害賠償(直接、間接);
(2)逾期違約的，中止履行;
(3)分期分批交貨合同的違約救濟辦法：
交貨，未交，交貨(當中有一批交貨可以解除，但第三批必須交貨)。
交貨，未交，交貨(第二、三批由於沒交款，都可以解除)。
交，未交，未交(第二批零配件沒有到可以全部解除)。

H. 求~~有關 合同法 中情勢變更原則的外文資料 看好是外文的 不要日本的......最好是英文的

On the situation change in contract law principles of the legal effect
Contract Law
The principle of non change in contract law on the meaning, is to avoid the execution of the contract e to changes in cases of unfair results. Once that is applicable to proce legal effects, but also will have an impact on rights and obligations of parties to the contract of the results. In particular, the application of the principle of non change the legal effect primarily reflected in the following two aspects:

(A) rescission

Change the fact that cases arise, if the affected party through the exercise of the right to change the contract, is still not sufficient to rule out changes to its own violations of the unfair state, you can further exercise of contract interpretation, fundamentally eliminate the loss of balance Contractual relationship. Generally speaking, the changes to the contract because of violations can not be achieved purpose of the occasion, or contract to become an occasion looked forward to, or loss of the contract significance of the occasion, General can dissolve or terminate the contract.

Such as employment, leasing, lending and continue to contract because of violations that change in the termination of the contract. Also, a party of the sub-payments for long-term benefits, and the other for non-payment, while a rescission.

However, it is noteworthy that in the cases affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, the other party will often cause the loss, the loss of whether there should be advocated by the party to the adverse effects of compensation, the mainland Law of the national laws are not made expressly provided. This is generally in accordance with the change in contract law on the rescission of the contract or liability of the general provisions to be addressed. Chinese academics believe that violations changes to one of the parties under the contract Jiechu Quan only by the judicial organs of the trial practice before confirmation. However, China's Contract Law provides for the change or rescission, should bear the liability issues. For the parties to exercise this power because of rescission, to the other party caused the loss of property, contract law should also be based on the relevant provisions to address. Based on China's "Contract Law" section 97 "after the lifting of the contract were not met, and terminate; has been performed, according to circumstances and the nature of the contract, the parties can request restitution and take other remedial measures, and the right to seek compensation for losses" The provisions, it can be concluded: in China even in cases where affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, on which the other party to the losses caused, in accordance with the law still should bear the liability.

(B) the contract change

Change the contract is to maintain the original contract, the contract is only the content changes, so that in a fair contract on the basis of specific performance. Specifically, the main way to change the contract as follows:

First, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way.

Second, the amount of change in the subject. In double in the contract for both sides there is a relationship between the price, but there are some which the ratio between. If the proportion of cases lead to great changes disorders, should be subject to increase or decrease the amount, so that the two sides have taken place in the implementation of change, so that balance the interests of both sides. In the use of this method must pay attention to changes in the limits of the problem, to determine a reasonable standard to accurately assess the value ratio between the two sides to remove Xianshigongping phenomenon. In determining reasonable standards, consideration should be given the contract the parties must assume the risk of transactions, such as the risk of currency depreciation.

Third, postponed or phased implementation. This situation is actually referring to the period of change, mainly applicable to the contract dates, changes have taken place in cases of obstruction to the contract as scheled, the parties hope to continue to fulfil contractual obligations, but through changes to achieve the purpose of the contract period to avoid Fair result. Therefore, the negative impact of one of the parties that extension or phased implementation.

Fourth, the first to refuse to perform. This mainly refers to one of the parties have the obligation to perform the contract, while in the discharge of arrival, the other party to change because of violations led to significantly rece property, credit or other crisis situations, difficult to treat payments, not the other party in the Regular treatment can be provided to carry out a security, can refuse to perform the contract. However, a party must have for each other difficult to treat cases of changes in the implementation of the exact evidence, it should bear the losses caused by this responsibility.

To investigate the cases of change e to changes caused by the contract issue, the parties must explore the object of the exercise of the right to change the problem. It should be said that cases of change circumstances, one of the parties to the contract changes to the exercise of the right target is the terms of the contract. On the scope of the terms of the contract, all countries in the world of law not the same. Such as Hungary, the former Yugoslav countries such as the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms, it could be any of the provisions in the contract.

Fifth, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. Countries such as Greece and the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms of the contract only in terms of the number of 327-328.

Third, the subject of change. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, the debtor can change in principle. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. The author believes that cases of change from the principle of the spirit, by the parties to change the terms of the contract should be present in the cases of those who have changed the role, if the discharge will continue to be adversely affected party Xianshigongping, However, after the changes but also to avoid the terms. Therefore, from the fact that state, is within the scope of such a clause is not limited to the number of terms in the contract, but only some of these provisions, but is by no means any of the provisions. As mentioned above, change the principle of non change the validity of the contract performance in the above four aspects, and these changes to the way contracts have been fully described in cases where a party changes can change the terms of the contract is limited to the amount, ration , To form and subject, and other provisions, and also to change the subject of the contract will be limited to the subject by the same type of alternative. Because of these provisions of the change, effective from the adverse effects of changes to a party because of violations Xianshigongping change the role of the contract.

I. 財務英語的簡寫

財務英語的簡寫是Finance

財務泛指財務活動和財務關系。前者指企業在生產過程中涉及資金的活動，表明財務的形式特徵; 後者指財務活動中企業和各方面的經濟關系，揭示財務的內容本質。因此，概括說來，企業財務就是企業再生產過程中的資金運動，體現著企業和各方面的經濟關系。

財務不僅是國民經濟各部門、各單位在物質資料再生產過程中客觀存在的資金運動及資金運動過程中所體現的經濟關系，更主要的是財產和債務，即資產和負債等。

(9)defaultrule合同法擴展閱讀

財務工作基本職責：

1、負責公司日常財務核算，參與公司的經營管理。

2、根據公司資金運作情況，合理調配資金，確保公司資金正常運轉。

3、搜集公司經營活動情況、資金動態、營業收入和費用開支的資料並進行分析、提出建議，定期向總經理報告。

4、組織各部門編制收支計劃，編制公司的月、季、年度營業計劃和財務計劃，定期對執行情況進行檢查分析。

5、嚴格財務管理，加強財務監督，督促財務人員嚴格執行各項財務制度和財經紀律。

6、負責企業網上銀行的安全與正常運營，負責下屬各企業應上繳費用、下達與收繳工作。

7、負責企業的資產管理、債權債務的管理工作，參與企業的各項投資管理。

8、負責企業年度財務決算工作，審核、編制上級有關財務報表，並進行綜合分析。

J. 翻譯合同成英文

The party of the first part:
Second party:

According to the armor second grade both sides friendly consultation,
and rests on "People's Republic of China Law of contract" to stipulate
that, the party of the first part work computer [ someone company ]
carries on the sales installment by the second party, signs this
contract especially. Below both sides and are willing to observe the
provision:

First article: Service content
First, this company sells all computers, has the specialist to
test, conforms to the country "Proct Nature Mensuration", "Standard
Rection" and Ministry of Public Security is connected stipulated
front, the equipment in sells all 貼有 in the equipment specific
position maintains the seal;
Second, sells the equipment, all teaches the equipment by our company
specialist the application method, when the necessity and makes
suitable technical training;
Third, all equipments from sell today, in a year the breakdown which
proces by the equipment itself quality, will implement:
The armor, three months guarantee exchanges;
Second grade, in three years free maintenance;
Fourth, in system approval young or up and coming generation, in three
month-long guaranteed usable times, if because the equipment itself
quality question breaks down, this company even if replaces the same
model new proct;
Fifth, the warranty period is three years. This period, our company
fulfills the free maintenance service. After receives the user
breakdown, namely the customs of the times specialist arrives;
Sixth, has one of following factors, creates the loss breakdown, is
not the guaranteed usable, the maintenance scope, this company does
not lose any economical responsibility even slightly:
1st, must is specialty of serviceman or the project personnel our
company tears maintains the seal, disassembles the machine;
2nd, the fire, the electric shock, the outside object collapse the
equipment damage which or other natural disasters causes;
3rd, must our company staff or must our company is authorized the user
to use, or the right of use customer carries on the artificial
breakdown which the operation creates;
Seventh, this company sells and the work equipment after the
acceptance of work, all must construct the files, and fills in "the
equipment to set up a file the card". Later the equipment service
movement situation all will be supposed to fill in this card;
Eighth, the party of the first part if has the function the increase
or the service demand, take both sides written, the email or the
facsimile as the basis, all changes, all confirm take the bilateral
people in charge as.

Second article: Maintenance contract period
Maintenance of equipment time:
Gets up from the year, month and day,
Stops to the year, month and day, is a 1 full month 2 full
year.

4th, payment and delivery way:
1) the complete contract fund, equals the aggregate amount for... The
Yuan, after the party of the first part installs finished uses
disposable pays in full the complete funds (with check remittance) to
give the second party.
2) transport mode and expense burden:
The second party installs according to the party of the first part
request debugs provides to the party of the first part, the
transportation cost undertakes by the second party.
3) delivers the date: Delivery in year, month and day
4) delivery point:

Fourth article: Bilateral responsibility
Second party:
1st, must guarantee the above proct for the original factory
proction and from is official, the legitimate channel import;
2nd, maintenance standard: According to proces the factory
maintenance standard execution by the consumer approval qualified
date;
3rd, maintenance and maintenance way: The second party to the
equipment which provides provides three years free maintenance service
(if hardware appears breakdown, cannot promptly solve, second party
must promptly provide same model proct temporary substitution). When
the party of the first part has the equipment
The breakdown and when informs the second party by the
telephone or the written way, the second party should when 6 work
arrives the breakdown scene.
The party of the first part:
After 1st, the delivery approves immediately, like finds the problem,
should the telephone message second party solve or the request
replacement within 7th, otherwise regards as the approval to be
qualified.
2nd, the party of the first part cannot be behind in payment second
party all expenses; Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penalty to
the second party (total contract amount) 0.1%/Day.
Other:
1st, the maintenance expires, armor second grade both sides separate
sign the maintenance contract, continues the service term.
2nd, breaks a contract the responsibility: The second party cannot
request the time delivery according to the party of the first part, is
breaks a contract the behavior; The party of the first part cannot pay
the loans by a set time according to the contract provision, is breaks
a contract the behavior. Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penalty
to opposite party, the fine total amount does not surpass gathers
With 0.1%.
3rd, solution contract dispute way: This contract has the dispute,
consults or the mediation after both sides is inadequate, any side is
authorized to the people's court to file the lawsuit.
4th, the contract like has not not exhaustively place, bilateral
friendly consultation solution.
5th, the contract as soon as tries two (supply and demand both sides
to hold one respectively), signs since bilateral representatives and
caps the official seal or the contract chapter becomes effective, the
facsimile has the same level legal effect.

Concludes an agreement the human
The party of the first part: Second party:
Representative: Representative:
Signature date: Signature date:
Telephone: Telephone:
Address: Address:

這個答案非常准確
是我請教大學教授譯的