具有同等的法律效力翻译
㈠ 请教一段合同翻译(汉译英),多谢了!!!!
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请教一段合同翻译(汉译英),多谢了!!!!
悬赏分:200 - 离问题结束还有 14 天 5 小时
一、经甲乙双方友好协商就乙方向甲方购买××产品一事双方达成下列约定:
甲方产品如达不到乙方质量要求,应由乙方出示详实之实验报告。甲方根据乙方报告反馈,对本次采购之产品给予调换。始终达不到乙方要求的,甲方给予退货。
二、本合同以传真方式递送,故本合同传真件视同原件,并具同等法律效力。
三、交货期限:先打款后发货,款到后7日内发货。
四、质量和技术要求:按甲方正常标准或依据图纸执行。
五、交货地点: 送达乙方指定地点。
六、运输方式:EMS
七、运输及包装费用由乙方承担。运费人民币××元。
八、包装方式:依据甲方正常包装。
九、验收标准和期限:数量及外观无缺陷,质量合乎正常标准或书面约定;验收期限为:收到货物后3个工作日内。
十、结算方式:合同签署之日起3日内一次性付清全款。
十一、甲方付款信息:
十二、争议解决:双方友好协商,质量争议依据中华人民共和国法定标准执行。
十三、未尽事宜:双方友好协商解决。
问题补充:请勿机译,谢谢各位!!
提问者:记住每一天 - 魔法师 五级
答复共 16 条
太长了啊,你自己先试着译一下,我帮改
回答者:lincoln121 - 秀才 二级 1-24 16:03
用金山快译不就OK了,再自己改改
回答者:xiangs111 - 见习魔法师 二级 1-24 16:05
1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.
2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect.
3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.
4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.
5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.
6、the mode of transport : EMS
7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.
8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.
9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.
10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.
11、The buyer payment information .
12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.
13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:_yin - 江湖新秀 五级 1-24 16:20
One by friendly consultation on the B consists of the purchase of X proct has to be accountable following an agreement reached between the two sides : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return. Second, this contract by facsimile transmission, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect. Third, delivery, after sales in the period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment. Fourth, quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation. Fifth, service delivery locations : B designated locations. 6, 7 EMS mode of transport : transport and packaging costs borne by the B side. Freight × × billion yuan. 8 packaging : packing normal buyer basis. 9 acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods. 10, the settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum. 11, the buyer payment information : 12 : friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute. 13, not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:nana7123ox - 门吏 二级 1-24 16:25
用网页上的在线翻译经常错.有时候错得很离谱的.你找学校的英语教授帮帮你,最好是外教.
回答者:milo宝贝 - 试用期 一级 1-24 16:34
1. This contract is made by the following Buyer and the Seller(..) , whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to Buy the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
2.The contract is valid after signed and sealed. Any oral agreement or written ones made before this contract shall be void and null after the finalization of this contract. And any modification of the contract should be confirmed by both parties in written form. The contract is made and finalized in two counterparts each in Chinese and English versions both in quadruplicate, the Buyer and the Seller hold two copies each, and the Chinese version shall prevail.
3.Time limit of delivery:shipment by T/T in advance within seven days.
4.Quanlity and Specifications:Following seller or refer to blueprint.
5.Delivery point:Buyer plight place to ship.
6.Transport: EMS
7.The transport and package fee by buyer as RMB___.
8.Packaging: According to seller's.
9.Acceptance level and date:quantity and surface is right and quantity is suitbale for standard and blue print;acceptance date:shippment within 3 days.
10.payments:T/T prepaid wihtin 3days by agreement.
11.Bank details of seller:
12.Arbitration:In case of disputes, arbitration shall be made in _______in accord with the china stipulations.
13.others:
回答者:leoliu0909 - 助理 三级 1-24 16:35
5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.
回答者:我该如何说抱歉 - 助理 三级 1-24 16:48
到google上译嘛,应该可以正句译。好快的。
(电脑就是比人脑方便,呵呵)
回答者:绵羊羊 - 见习魔法师 二级 1-24 17:37
合同翻译很麻烦的,如果你是需要和外商签定合同,不妨让他们提供合同的英文版,然后你们再翻译为中文,这样第一可以保护你的利益,因为解释方在你,第二可以避免产生歧义.我的亲身经历通过自己提供的合同的英文翻译版使得一批货物延迟出港,所以小心为妙!如果你不是老板,可以向你的老板建议,这对于对方绝对是乐意接受的,因为很尊重对方.如果对方强制要求你给英文合同往往不怀好意哦!
回答者:小君是蜗牛 - 试用期 一级 1-24 17:49
1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.
2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile
3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.
4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.
5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.
6、the mode of transport : EMS
7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.
8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.
9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.
10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.
11、The buyer payment information .
12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.
13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:松间之明月 - 魔法学徒 一级 1-24 19:15
葙卌 .【http://JIabIn_163.cOm.PhoTo.163.CoM】
参考资料:葙卌 .【http://JIabIn_163.cOm.PhoTo.163.CoM】
回答者:yanzaoguang - 试用期 一级 1-24 20:32
一、经甲乙双方友好协商就乙方向甲方购买××产品一事双方达成下列约定:
甲方产品如达不到乙方质量要求,应由乙方出示详实之实验报告。甲方根据乙方报告反馈,对本次采购之产品给予调换。始终达不到乙方要求的,甲方给予退货。
二、本合同以传真方式递送,故本合同传真件视同原件,并具同等法律效力。
三、交货期限:先打款后发货,款到后7日内发货。
四、质量和技术要求:按甲方正常标准或依据图纸执行。
五、交货地点: 送达乙方指定地点。
六、运输方式:EMS
七、运输及包装费用由乙方承担。运费人民币××元。
八、包装方式:依据甲方正常包装。
九、验收标准和期限:数量及外观无缺陷,质量合乎正常标准或书面约定;验收期限为:收到货物后3个工作日内。
十、结算方式:合同签署之日起3日内一次性付清全款。
十一、甲方付款信息:
十二、争议解决:双方友好协商,质量争议依据中华人民共和国法定标准执行。
十三、未尽事宜:双方友好协商解决。
翻译如下:
1. This contract is made by the following Buyer and the Seller(..) , whereby the Seller agrees to sell and the buyer agrees to Buy the under mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below.
2.The contract is valid after signed and sealed. Any oral agreement or written ones made before this contract shall be void and null after the finalization of this contract. And any modification of the contract should be confirmed by both parties in written form. The contract is made and finalized in two counterparts each in Chinese and English versions both in quadruplicate, the Buyer and the Seller hold two copies each, and the Chinese version shall prevail.
3.Time limit of delivery:shipment by T/T in advance within seven days.
4.Quanlity and Specifications:Following seller or refer to blueprint.
5.Delivery point:Buyer plight place to ship.
6.Transport: EMS
7.The transport and package fee by buyer as RMB___.
8.Packaging: According to seller's.
9.Acceptance level and date:quantity and surface is right and quantity is suitbale for standard and blue print;acceptance date:shippment within 3 days.
10.payments:T/T prepaid wihtin 3days by agreement.
11.Bank details of seller:
12.Arbitration:In case of disputes, arbitration shall be made in _______in accord with the china stipulations.
13.others:
你看看吧,做个参考。
回答者:tt8216 - 试用期 一级 1-24 20:50
1、After friendly consultation on the B to B × × buyer to purchase procts has reached the following agreement : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return.
2、Transmitted by fax this contract, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect.
3、After delivering a delivery period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment.
4、Quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation.
5、Delivery point: Service second party allocates a place.
6、the mode of transport : EMS
7、B borne by the transport and packaging costs. Freight × × billion yuan.
8、packaging : packing normal buyer basis.
9、Acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods.
10、The settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum.
11、The buyer payment information .
12、Friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute.
13、Not entirely : The friendly consultation.
回答者:_yin - 江湖新秀 五级 1-24 16:20
One by friendly consultation on the B consists of the purchase of X proct has to be accountable following an agreement reached between the two sides : If the two parties fail to B proct quality requirements, should proce detailed experimental B report. According to the report B buyer feedback procts in the procurement of this grant swap. Party B is not always required, the buyer given return. Second, this contract by facsimile transmission, it is regarded as a facsimile of the original contract and have the same legal effect. Third, delivery, after sales in the period : swing, and, after seven days of shipment. Fourth, quality and technical requirements : drawings by the two parties based on normal standards or implementation. Fifth, service delivery locations : B designated locations. 6, 7 EMS mode of transport : transport and packaging costs borne by the B side. Freight × × billion yuan. 8 packaging : packing normal buyer basis. 9 acceptance criteria : the number and ration of the appearance and defect-free, in line with normal standards of quality or written agreement; Acceptance period for : three working days after receipt of the goods. 10, the settlement date of the signing of the contract : 3 days, the entire lump-sum. 11, the buyer payment information : 12 : friendly consultation and dispute settlement, quality of the People's Republic of China in accordance with the statutory standards dispute. 13, not entirely : The friendly consultation.
.
回答者:E浪人 - 秀才 二级 1-24 21:34
一、 经甲乙双方友好协商就乙方向甲方购买××产品一事双方达成下列约定:
1. By friendly negotiation of the two parties, the first party and the second party reach the following agreement against the second party buy*** from the first party:(也可译成party A,partyB,看你的喜好了)
甲方产品如达不到乙方质量要求,应由乙方出示详实之实验报告。甲方根据乙方报告反馈,对本次采购之产品给予调换。始终达不到乙方要求的,甲方给予退货。
If the first party’s procts could not meet the quality requirement of the second party, the second party should display a detailed experiment report. According to the feedback of the second party’s report, the first party agrees to exchange the proct of this purchasing. If it could not meet the requirement of the second party all the time, the first party agrees to return the proct.
二、本合同以传真方式递送,故本合同传真件视同原件,并具同等法律效力。
2. This contract is transmitted by FAX, so the facsimile is regarded as the original contract and have the same legal effect.
三、交货期限:先打款后发货,款到后7日内发货。
3. Delivery terms: payment must be paid before the proct being delivered; the proct must be delivered within 7 days after receiving the payment.
四、质量和技术要求:按甲方正常标准或依据图纸执行。
4. Quality and specifications: executed submitting to the normal standard of the first party or according to the drawing.
五、交货地点: 送达乙方指定地点。
5. Delivery point: deliver to the specific place appointed by the second party
六、运输方式:EMS
6. Type of transport: EMS
七、运输及包装费用由乙方承担。运费人民币××元。
7. The second party bears the freight and packing expense. The freight RMB****YUAN
八、包装方式:依据甲方正常包装。
8. Manner of packing: according to the normal packing of the first party.
九、验收标准和期限:数量及外观无缺陷,质量合乎正常标准或书面约定;验收期限为:收到货物后3个工作日内。
9. acceptance criterion and term: the quantity and appearance are defect-free, quality meet the normal standard or written agreement; the acceptance term is :within three working days after receipt of the procts
十、结算方式:合同签署之日起3日内一次性付清全款。
10. Method of payment: payment must be pay off within three days since the signing of the contract.
十一、甲方付款信息:
11. Payment information of the first party:
十二、争议解决:双方友好协商,质量争议依据中华人民共和国法定标准执行。
12. Settlement of dispute: friendly negotiations by the two parties, the quality dispute are executed according to the legal standard of the People’s Republic of China.
十三、未尽事宜:双方友好协商解决。
13. Matters not concerned on the contract: settlement by friendly negotiation of the two parties.
回答者:mrchangyong - 举人 四级 1-24 21:49
A, through A B both parties are friendly to negotiate the second party purchase ° from the first party the proct of × × one matter both parties reach following engagement:
If the first party's proct could not reach the second party quality a request, should be posted notice a thorough experiment report by the second party.The first party reports feedback according to the second party, giving to transpose to the proct of this purchase.Could not reach the second party to request always of, the first party gives to reject goods.
Two, this contract be delivered with fax method, past origin contract fax the piece see as an original piece, and have equal legal effect.
Three, deliver goods term:Deliver goods after beating a style first, the style arrives behind on the 7th inside hair goods.
Four, quality and technique request:Press the first party normally standard or carry out according to the diagram paper.
Five, place of delivery:Sending to the second party specifies a location.
Six, conveyance method:EMS
Seven, conveyance and packing charges be undertaken by the second party.Freight renminbi × × dollar.
Eight, packing method:Pack normally according to the first party.
Nine, acceptance standard and term:Amount and external appearance have no blemish, the quality conforms to normally standard or written form engagement;Check and accept term for:After receiving goods inside 3 workdays.
Ten, balance of accounts method:The day that the contract signs since on the 3rd inside 1 time pay in full a whole style.
11, the first party pay an information:
12, dispute to solve:Both parties amity consultation, quality controversy according to the People's Republic of China legal standard performance.
13, don't matter of exerting:The both parties' friendly consultation solves.
回答者:zygslqm - 助理 二级 1-25 03:24
电脑翻译了一定要人工修改一下!!
回答者:marx00072002 - 童生 一级 1-25 09:36
我也来回答:
回答即可得2分,回答被采纳则获得悬赏分以及奖励20分。 积分规则
回答字数在10000字以内
参考资料:
如果您的回答是从其他地方引用,请表明出处。
匿名回答
&;2007 Bai
㈡ 本协议一式三份,协议双方各执一份,报政府机构备案一份,具有同等法律效力 翻译成英文
This agreement is worked out in triplicate, one for each party, and government record, which have equal legal effect.
希望可以帮到你版!权
㈢ 本协议正本一式二份,双方签字盖章后生效,甲乙双方各执一份,具同等法律效力。用日语怎么翻译
本契约の元の复制、発効後、両当事者が署名と封印、同じ法的効果のコピーで武装両侧
㈣ 日语翻译:本协议一式两份,双方各执一份,具有相同法律效力。
本契约は一式二部,各一部ずつ持って保管する,同じ 法律効果を持っている。
合同的用语具有约定俗成性,在翻译时要尽可能使用日语中对应的合同用语,以体现合同文本的规范性,切忌生造和照搬。
日语中有许多汉语词,而且有许多同形词,但它们经常同形而不同义,在翻译中尤其要对这些词的含义和用法准确把握。
例如,“公司成立”这里的“成立”在日语中不用「成立」,而用「设立」,前者表示“满足必要条件,获得有关方面认可”之意,比如:合同成立、理由成立等。
“授权委托书”也不能翻译为「授権委托书」,它在日语中的对应语是「委任状」。“纠纷”不能译为「纷纠」,而应译为「纷争」,有时译为「疑义」。
另外,在合同中,合同的“修改”一般不说「修正」,而说「変更」,带有客观的色彩。又如,“办理手续”如果逐词翻译为「手続を取り扱う」,不仅不符合日语习惯,而且意义不清。所以,准确的用词是准确表达的前提条件。
(4)具有同等的法律效力翻译扩展阅读:
在翻译合同的时候,一定要在透彻理解的基础上,按照日语合同的思维习惯翻译,不能用日常用语去翻译。
看以下两段翻译:
例1:未尽事宜,由双方本着平等互利的精神协商解决。
译文1:本契约に尽きない事由については、双方は平等互恵の精神にもとづき、协议の上解决する。
译文2:本契约に定めのない事项については、平等互恵の精神にのっとり、甲乙协议の上解决するものとする。
译文1完全按照字面意义去翻译,译者没有查阅相关资料,只是凭着日常的词汇和语法翻译,所以不像日语合同的文字。
“未尽事宜”是合同中的常用句,不能理解为“不尽的事由”,正确的理解是“(本合同中)没有规定的事项”,日语中有完全对应的说法,即「本契约に定めのない事项については」。日语中的「事由」表示事情的原因,显然使用不当。
㈤ 法律效力的英语翻译 法律效力用英语怎么说
法律效力
词典act of law:[经] 法律规则, 法律行为。
词典force of law:[法] 法律效版力。
词典legal effect:法律效果权。
词典legal validity:[经] 法律上的效力。
词典force adeffect:法律效力。
㈥ 翻译:本合同中英文版本一式两份,具有同等法律效力
根据是中英文版本,翻译成英文如下:
The contract is in English and Chinese in two copies, with the same legal effect.
合同效力,指依法成立受法律保护的合同,对合同当事人产生的必须履行其合同的义务,不得擅自变更或解除合同的法律拘束力,即法律效力。
这个“法律效力”不是说合同本身是法律,而是说由于合同当事人的意志符合国家意志和社会利益,国家赋予当事人的意志以拘束力,要求合同当事人严格履行合同,否则即依靠国家强制力,要当事人履行合同并承担违约责任。
(6)具有同等的法律效力翻译扩展阅读
合同翻译过程中要注意如下错误:
一、合同时间条款的翻译
合同中有严格的有效时间范围,翻译时必须按照原文设定的时间来翻译。翻译一定要看清,是截止到什么时间还是介于什么时间之间,否则其差别往往会引起合同双方的争执。
二、合同中金额条款
合同中的金额翻译也是容易出错的地方,翻译时必须注意,不得差露、涂改甚至是伪造。要正确使用货币符号和小数点,不同的货币符号代表不同国家的货币,小数点代表分节号,稍有疏忽其后果就不堪设想。合同翻译时国际贸易中最为常见的翻译类型,但并不是比较容易的翻译。相反,合同翻译是很复杂、很重要的翻译,若译文不准确或者不规范势必引起合同双方的经济纠纷。我们经常有看到新闻因为合同中一个小数点点错而造成金额上的巨大不同,合同翻译一定要严谨、仔细再仔细,不能出一点差错。
三、合同责任条款中连词和介词的使用
责任条款是明确规定双方责任权限和范围的,常常使用连词和介词的固定结构,但是如果不能正确理解合同条款的意思,使用不同的介词或者连词,翻译之后的内容就会与原文大相径庭。
㈦ 列强为何在鸦片战争仅14年后就发动第二次鸦片战争
第二次鸦片战争的根本原因只有一条,那就是资本主义侵略者的利益最大化未能得到满足。
《南京条约》等一系列不平等条约签订后,西方列强虽然从中国取得了许多特权,但还要取得更多的特权。它们还要求在中国实现鸦片贸易合法化,要求在中国全境通商,要求在北京设立使馆。澳大利亚社会科学院院士黄宇和教授近年研究第二次鸦片战争,他的最新 研究成果证明,英国之所以发动这场战争,很大程度是要逼迫清政府把鸦片贸易合法化,以保障当时英国在华最大的经济利益———鸦片贸易。(13)谋求在华的全面经济与政治利益,这是它们的根本利益所在。这个根本利益拿不到手,新的一场侵略战争迟早是要爆发的,问题只在发动战争的时机和借口而已。
《南京条约》第二款:“自今以后,大皇帝恩准英国人民带同所属家眷,寄居大清沿海之广州、福州、厦门、宁波、上海等五处港口,贸易通商无碍;且大英国君主派设领事、管事等官,驻该五处城邑。”这就是说,一般英国人可以居住在港口,外交官则可以住在城邑。中方认为,按中文字义,城邑不一定指城内,条约未给英国人入城的权利。《南京条约》英文本把中文本中的“港口”和“城邑”通通翻译成Cities and Towns。英方认为Cities and Towns就可以指城内,因此,英国外交官和一般英国人都可以入城。中英双方在条约约文的理解上,发生了很大歧异。按照欧洲人的国际法,《南京条约》的两种文本(当时没有第三种文本)具有同等的法律效力。条约签字时未声明以哪种文本为准,在文本的解释发生歧义时,应允许各方各执己见。事实上,这两个文本都是英国提供的。这就造成了入城和反入城的同一法律来源的不同解释。在中方看来,英人要求全面履行条约的理由不充分。其实中国官方在英国的压力下,已经同意英国人可以入城。但是广州城厢内外社团、士绅坚决不同意英国人入城,甚至不惜开战,官方只得以“民情未协”为由,推迟入城的时间。鸦片战争期间英军的暴行和鸦片战争后多起英人恃强作恶的中外纠纷事件,是造成广州民众仇外情绪的一个基本原因。从历史的角度看,广州民众的仇外情绪当时有其存在的合理性,广州民众反入城斗争当时有其发生的条件要求修约,则是西方列强企图从中国拿到更多权益的策略手段。早在1853年,英国就利用最惠国待遇和中美《望厦条约》第34款有关12年后贸易及海面各款稍可变更的规定向中方提出修约要求。这年5月,英国政府训令驻华公使文翰提出修订《南京条约》问题,要他向中方提出:中国应毫无保留地给英国人开放全部城市和港口,英国人走遍全中国不受任何限制。文翰接到训令时,太平军北伐部队已攻进天津附近,文翰感到太平军与清政府之间谁胜谁负难料,就把训令搁置起来。7月,美国向清政府提出帮助镇压太平军作为诱饵,以修约扩大在华权益。清政府怀疑美国的动机,没有接受。其实,研究帝国主义侵华历史的学者早已指出,英国要求修订《南京条约》是没有任何根据的,因为《南京条约》是一项政治条约,不是商约,没有修订的规定;而修约本身不能包括在最惠国待遇之内。(15)英国利用中国当局不了解欧洲人的国际关系知识,加以蒙哄和欺诈,清政府只有被牵着鼻子走了。
1854年,英国、美国、法国都积极活动修约。但是对于英国来说,采取战争行动解决修约问题的时机没有成熟。最大的原因是,英、法联盟正与俄国为分割和奴役土耳其打着克里米亚战争,英国的军力布置在克里米亚战场上。所以英国政府训令包含修约谈判中要严格避免使用武力,只要中国承认修约的原则,实际谈判不必马上进行。1855年,美国任命传教士伯驾为驻华公使,给伯驾的任务,是要他从清政府取得公使驻京、无限制扩大贸易以及取消对个人自由的任何限制等三项主要权利。伯驾知道,《望厦条约》只规定了12年后作细小的修改,但他认为:“为了达到各国政府的最大利益,不仅细小的修改,而且激烈的变更是必不可少的”,为此“必须采取强硬手段”。(16)他在来华前,遍访了伦敦和巴黎外交部,取得了一致意见。1855年8月,伯驾希望北上渤海湾,逼迫北京政府举行修约谈判。包令说:“用孤单的行动而不伴以强大的军事压力,就没有希望从中国取得任何重要的让步”。(17)因为各国军舰尚未调到远东来,没有军力支持,这次北上行动未能成行。这就是说,用战争手段,达到逼迫清政府同意修约的目的,这已经是既定决策。
1856年3月,克里米亚战争结束,俄国战败。这时候,英、法、俄国都把眼光投向了中国,各国军舰都可以移师中国了。在克里米亚战场上厮杀的对手,在中国成为了合作的伙伴。利用战争手段已经决定,侵略者总要找一个冠冕堂皇的借口。
正在这时候,马神甫事件发生了。尽管这是一个突发的个别的事件,对于法国来说就是一个好借口,但是,对于英国来说,这个借口还不太有力。不久,亚罗号事件发生了。殖民主义者要寻找侵略中国的借口是不难的。20世纪初法国的研究者研究了资料后指出:包令“要向中国启衅,不愁找不到合法的借口;如果需要的话,他还有本领找到比劫持‘亚罗’号更好的借口。”(18)
至此完全可以看出,第二次鸦片战争是一定要打起来的,并不因为中方的什么态度而转移。而要打这场战争的根本原因,是西方列强要越过条约特权在中国谋取更大的利益。
㈧ 以下内容,跪求高手日文翻译!! “以上经营范围凡涉及国家有专项专营规定的从其规定” 加50分
“以上经营范围凡涉及国家有专项专营规定的从其规定”
「以上の経営范囲及び国家の専项専売规定が合法的である。」
1.企业法人营业执照是企业法人资格和合法经营的凭证。
1.企业法人営业许可证は企业法人资格及び合法経営の证拠となる。
2.企业法人营业执照分正本和副本,正本和副本具有同等法律效力,营业执照正本应放在企业法人住所醒目的位置,企业法人可根据业务需要,向登记机关申请领取若干副本。
2,企业法人営业许可证の誊本や副本は、誊本と副本法ともに律上では同等の効力を持ち、営业许可书は企业法人の目に付く所に置き、企业法人は业务の需要により、登记机関に申请し、若干の副本を受け取ることが出来る。
3.营业执照不得伪造,涂改,出租,出借,转让,除登记机关外,其他任何单位和个人均不得扣留,收缴和吊销。
営业许可书は伪造、书き换え、赁贷、贷与、転売、登记机関除く、その他のいかなる个人や他者に差し押さえ、押收と当许可证を无効にしてはならない。
4.企业法人登记注册事项发生变化时,应向原登记机关申请变更登记。
企业法人登记登录事项内容が変える场合、ただちに原登录机関に変更登记し直すこと。
5.每年一月一日至四月三十日,登记机关对企业法人进行年度检验。
5,毎年、一月一日から、四月三十日まで、登录机関が企业法人に年度の检验を行います。
6.企业注销登记时,应交回营业执照正副本,营业执照被登记机关吊销后即自行失效。
6,企业営业许可を取り消す场合、ただちに営业许可书誊本及び副本を返纳し、営业许可书が登录机関に纳めた时点で自动的に失効となります。