合同法merepuff

1. 請高手幫我翻譯一下這段文字

合同法規定了交流的當事方之間的承諾履行或不履行的行為強制執行的法院。合同可形成從口頭或書面協議。的概念「合同」是根據拉丁美洲片語條約必須遵守（協議必須保持） 。 [ 27 ]在普通法司法管轄區，三個關鍵要素，建立一個合同是必要的：要約和承諾，審議並打算建立的法律關系。在Carlill訴石炭酸煙球公司的醫療公司公布其新的特效葯，在smokeball ，將治癒人的禽流感，如果它沒有，買方將獲得￡ 100 。許多人對他們的起訴￡ 100的葯物時，沒有工作。由於擔心破產，石炭酸爭辯的廣告並沒有被作為一個嚴重的，具有法律約束力的要約。這是一個邀請，治療，僅僅吹，一個花招。但上訴法院認為，一個合理的男子石炭酸了一個嚴重的報價。人民提供了良好的考慮它去「獨特的不便， 」用一個錯誤的產品。 「閱讀的廣告你會怎樣，並纏住了，因為你們會說， 」大法官林德利， 「這里是一個獨特的承諾表示語言是完全無誤的。 」 [ 28 ]
「審議」表明一個事實，即所有各方的合同交換有價值的東西。一些普通法制度，包括澳大利亞，正在遠離的想法審議一項要求。這個想法不容反悔或締約過失責任，可用於製作過程中承擔的義務前的合同談判。 [ 29 ]在民事普通法司法管轄區，審議不需要合同具有約束力。 [ 30 ]在法國，一個普通的合同說來簡單形式的基礎上，一個「會議的頭腦」或「同意的遺囑」 。德國具有特殊的辦法，合同，這關繫到知識產權法。他們將抽象的原則' （ Abstraktionsprinzip ）指個人義務的合同形式分開的財產所有權被授予。當合同是無效的因某種原因（如汽車買主是喝醉了，他缺乏法律行為能力的合同） [ 31 ]合同義務支付可以分開無效的專利所有權的汽車。不當得利的法律，而不是合同法，然後用於恢復所有權的合法擁有者。 [ 32

2. 請問法律合同法里的offer, agreement, puff, consideration分別是什麼意思啊，謝謝

offer在法律上一般翻譯為要約，指當事人一方提出訂約條件，願與對方訂立合同的意專向表示。

agreement的意思屬為協議。

puff的意思為氣喘吁吁。

consideration的意思為考慮。

(2)合同法merepuff擴展閱讀：

offer要約的條件：

a.要約的內容必須具體明確。所謂「具體」是指要約的內容必須具有足以使合同成立的主要條款。如果沒有包含合同的主要條款，受要約人難以做出承諾，即使做出了承諾，也會因為雙方的這種合意不具備合同的的主要條款而使合同不能成立。

所謂「確定」，是指要約的內容必須明確，而不能含糊不清，否則無法承諾。

b.要約必須具有訂立合同的意圖，表明一經受要約人承諾，要約人即受該意思表示的拘束。

3. 請幫忙做一個用英文介紹國際合同法的PPT，萬分感謝

Contract law regulates the exchange of promises between parties to perform or refrain from performing an act enforceable in a court of law. Contracts can be formed from oral or written agreements. The concept of a "contract" is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (agreements must be kept).[27] In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: offer and acceptance, consideration and the intention to create legal relations. In Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company a medical firm advertised that its new wonder drug, the smokeball, would cure people's flu, and if it did not, the buyers would get ￡100. Many people sued for their ￡100 when the drug did not work. Fearing bankruptcy, Carbolic argued the advert was not to be taken as a serious, legally binding offer. It was an invitation to treat, mere puff, a gimmick. But the court of appeal held that to a reasonable man Carbolic had made a serious offer. People had given good consideration for it by going to the "distinct inconvenience" of using a faulty proct. "Read the advertisement how you will, and twist it about as you will", said Lord Justice Lindley, "here is a distinct promise expressed in language which is perfectly unmistakable".[28]
"Consideration" indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value. Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement. The idea of estoppel or culpa in contrahendo, can be used to create obligations ring pre-contractual negotiations.[29] In civil law jurisdictions, consideration is not required for a contract to be binding.[30] In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills". Germany has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their 'abstraction principle' (Abstraktionsprinzip) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract)[31] the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. Unjust enrichment law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.[32]