简述我国合同法上情势变更原则
① 情势变更原则的内容是什么
情势变更来原则是指合同有效成立后,自因不可归责于双方当事人的原因(当事人不可预见的事情的发生),致使合同的基础动摇或丧失,若继续维持合同原有效力显失公平或者不能实现合同目的,应允许变更合同内容或者解除合同。目的在于消除合同因情势变更所产生的不公平后果。
② 合同法情势变更原则的理解。
例如,你买了一个小区的房屋,在还没有入住的时候你所买的楼的前排楼回倒塌了,整个儿答都拍在地上了,请问你还敢住这个小区的房子吗?肯定不敢了,虽然你买的那个房子的楼没有倒,但是此时也可以由人民法院根据实际情况解除该房屋买卖合同,这就是情势变更的情形。
③ 如何理解《合同法解释》规定的情势变更
您好,情势变更,指合同有效成立后,履行完毕前,合同赖以订立的客观情势发生了当事人订立合同时不可预见的异常变动,导致合同的基础动摇或丧失,若继续维持合同原有效力有悖于诚实信用,将导致显失公平的后果时,则应允许变更合同内容或者解除合同的制度。
一、情势变更的适用条件
(一)情势变更的适用条件:
1. 须有不属于不可抗力或者商业风险的情势异常变动的事实。主要包括等价关系的严重破坏(如严重的通货膨胀,原材料价格的大幅上涨)和合同目的不达(如政府经济政策的调整)两种类型;
2. 情势变更须发生在合同成立后履行完毕前。
3. 情势变更的发生不可归责于当事人。
4. 情势变更是当事人于缔约时所不可预见的。
5. 情势变更使继续履行原合同将显失公平。
(二)情势变更之适用条件的理解
1. 须有不属于不可抗力又不属于商业风险的情势异常变动的事实。“情势”即作为合同基础或环境的一切客观事实,“情势变更”即合同基础或环境在客观上的异常变动。对此,应作如下理解:
(1)情势的变动应不属于不可抗力。原因在于,如果合同成立后发生不可抗力,导致合同不能或者难以履行的,用不着适用情势变更制度。(a)债务人因为不可抗力不能履行合同义务的,债务人可以直接援用《合同法》第117条全部或者部分免除违约责任。(b)因为不可抗力导致合同目的不能实现的,合同双方当事人可以依据《合同法》第94条第(一)项的规定解除合同,一方给对方发出解除合同的通知,即可发生合同解除的效果。
(2)情势的变动应不属于正常的商业风险。原因在于,合同是当事人进行未来计划的工具,合同最重要的功能就是对正常的商业风险予以分配。正常的商业风险应由合同当事人按照合同的约定承担。
(3)合同赖以订立的客观情势之变动须达到异常的程度。可分为两类:(a)等价关系的严重破坏(如严重的通货膨胀,原材料价格的大幅上涨)。普通的货币贬值、原材料价格的一般波动、一般的市场供求变化都属于正常的商业风险,因而不属于情势变更。(b)能够导致合同目的不能实现的情势变动,如政府经济政策变动,提供劳务合同的债务人丧失劳动能力等。
2.情势变更须发生在合同成立后履行完毕前。对此,应做如下理解:
(1)合同订立前已经发生的事件,原本就是双方订立合同时作为参照的合同基础,合同订立后,情势未曾发生过变更。此时没有情势变更原则适用的余地,符合构成要件的,可以适用显失公平、欺诈、重大误解等制度解决。
(2)合同履行完毕后发生情势变更的,对当事人而言不存在显失公平的问题;并且,合同常常因为履行完毕而消灭;最后,如果合同履行完毕后发生情势的异常变动也可以适用情势变更原则。
3.情势变更的发生不可归责于当事人。对此,应做如下理解:
(1)如果情势的变更可归责于一方当事人,则其发生表明该当事人具有过错,自应遭受其损失,没有特殊保护的必要,其不得主张情势变更。该方当事人因此不能履行合同的,应当承担违约责任。
(2)一方迟延履行期间发生情势变更的,迟延履行一方不得援用情势变更原则。
4.情势变更是当事人于缔约时所不可预见的。这一要求的内涵是:预见的主体是因情势变更而遭受不利益的一方;预见的内容为情势变更发生的可能性;预见的时间为合同订立之时,预见的标准为主观标准(即以遭受不利一方当事人的实际预见能力为准)。如果当事人于订约时能够预见情势变更,则表明他承担了该风险,不再适用情势变更原则。
5.情势变更使继续履行原合同将显失公平。其含义是,情势变更后,如果仍然依照原理的合同条款履行合同,将以牺牲一方的巨大利益为代价而使对方获得巨额利益。
6. 应当经高级人民法院审核。必要时应报请最高人民法院审核。《最高人民法院关于正确适用<合同法解释(二)>服务党和国家的工作大局的通知》规定,人民法院在审理案件中确需适用情势变更原则的,应当由高级人民法院审核。必要时应报请最高人民法院审核。司法考试中如果涉及,就回答应当经高级人民法院审核。
二、情势变更原则的适用及其法律效果
(一)双方当事人可以协议变更或者解除合同,自不待言。
(二)双方当事人不能达成协议的,受有不利益的一方当事人可以起诉至法院,法院享有“公平裁决权”,有权以下列方式直接干预合同关系。
1. 合同目的不能实现,或者合同的履行成为不可预期,或者合同的履行失去意义的,人民法院应判决解除合同。
2. 合同目的可以实现的,人民法院可以判决变更合同。
(三)合同变更或者解除的,受有不利益的一方当事人对对方当事人不承担损害赔偿责任。因为,这是不可归责于他的。
④ 请问情势变更原则在哪部法律里规定的
情势变来更原则是指合同有效成立自后,因不可归责于双方当事人的原因(当事人不可预见的事情的发生),致使合同的基础动摇或丧失,若继续维持合同原有效力显失公平或者不能实现合同目的,应允许变更合同内容或者解除合同。目的在于消除合同因情势变更所产生的不公平后果。
⑤ 《合同法司法解释二》第二十六是否是情势变更原则
应该是,但这个还不是完全意义上的情势变迁原则,还有一个法院认可的程序在里面。
⑥ 情势变更原则适用的时间限制是什么
情势变更源原则是指合同有效成立后,因不可归责于双方当事人的原因(当事人不可预见的事情的发生),致使合同的基础动摇或丧失,若继续维持合同原有效力显失公平或者不能实现合同目的,应允许变更合同内容或者解除合同。目的在于消除合同因情势变更所产生的不公平后果。
⑦ 情势变更原则的主要内容
情势变更在有些方面和不可抗力是一致的,如对于构成履行合
同障碍的事由,订立合同时无法预见和发生时无法防止,而且双方均无过错等。两者的主要区别在于:
一是不可抗力一般导致合同无法履行,无法履行包括全部不能、部分不能、永久不能和一时不能。情势变更原则的适用,并不要求合同无法履行,情势变更后合同即使仍然处于能够履行的状态,但如果履行合同过于艰难,或者需要付出高昂的代价,其结果与订立合同时的目的相违背,按原合同履行必然导致显失公平;
二是不可抗力是法定免责事由,当事人只要依法取得了确切证据,履行了法律规定的通知义务、防止损害扩大的义务等相关义务,不履行合同不承担任何法律上的责任,而情势变更情况下履行合同将导致显失公平的结果,故因情势变更而引起的风险应由合同双方共同承担,但当事人主张适用情势变更原则,必须请求法院作出裁判,而不能当然地导致合同的变更和解除;
三是不可抗力包含不能预见、不能避免、不能克服三层含义,而情势变更只是因不能预见的事由引起合同基础发生重大变化,这种不能预见事由不限于不可抗力,还包括意外事故及其他事由,而且是否不可避免、不可克服在所不问;
四是不可抗力是法定免责事由,中国民法通则和合同法中均有明确规定,而情势变更在中国民事立法中未作规定,只是司法实践中曾由最高人民法院以批复的形式承认其适用。
通过以上比较可以看出,情势变更法律未做规定,属于不确定概念,故在司法实践中似远较不可抗力复杂,更难以准确把握。但有一点比较明确的是:两者在平衡合同双方当事人利益的程度方面存在差异。从此种意义上说,情势变更原则比不可抗力制度更有利于促进合同双方当事人之间利益的平衡,更符合社会经济发展的实际需要。
由于情势变更制度的复杂性和不确定性,根据现有的经验,难以作出科学界定,执行时更难以操作。在适用情势变更原则处理因非典影响而引起的民商事合同纠纷案件时,首先应注意通过变更合同内容,尽可能维持合同债权债务关系,实现合同当事人订约目的。在此过程中,应注意多做当事人双方的调解工作。有学者将适用情势变更处理合同纠纷时所发生的效力分为第一次效力和第二次效力。对于已成立的法律行为之效力,需排除其因情势变更所可能发生的不公平的结果,如增减给付、延期分期给付、同种给付变更或拒绝先为给付等,称为第一次效力。如第一次效力仍不足以排除不公平结果的,才允许其发生拒绝给付、终止合同、解除合同等第二次效力。
础上得到履行,这是主要方面,也应成为法官处理此类纠纷时的主要工作方向;二是解除合同,以彻底消除显失公平现象,即只有在采取变更合同的方式仍不能消除显失公平的后果,或者继续履行合同已不可能,或者当事人一方认为合同的变更有悖于订立合同的目的时,才通过解除合同的方式以消除显失公平的后果。
需要指出的是,如果根据情势变更原则而主张解除合同的当事人,是以自己方面遭受不利益后果为理由而提出主张的,并且因解除合同而给对方带来损害,应当向对方作出适当补偿。但如果是以对方因情势变更而不可能继续履行合同为理由提出主张的,且因情势变更未给对方造成损害,则无须作出赔偿。
⑧ 情势变更原则的构成要件
1.客观上,必须有情势变更的事实。这是适用情势变更原则的前提条件。所谓“情势”,是指合同成立时所依赖的
客观情况;所谓“变更”,是指“合同赖以成立的环境或基础发生异常变动”[4].这里的“客观事实”,指一切可能导致合同基础动摇的客观情况,包括自然灾难、意外事故、战争爆发、国家经济政策及社会经济环境的巨变等。客观情势的变化时刻存在,但一般变化不会引起情势变更原则的适用,必须有重大的异常变动致使合同的法律基础丧失时才可适用。
2.主观上,情势变更是当事人在订立合同时所不可预见并不可避免的,双方当事人在心态上都不存在过错。不可预见,是指双方当事人没有预见且不可能预见,以合同成立之时具有该类合同所需要的专业知识及正常思维在当时情况下不可能预见为准;应当预见而没有预见的不适用。不可避免,是指事前无法预防,事后尽一切措施也无法消除其影响。
3.时间上,情势变更事由必须是发生在合同有效成立后至合同终止履行前。合同成立以前的情势,无论当事人在订立合同时是否知晓,其作为合同成立的基础都是确定的,无法改变的,不存在变更问题。合同履行完毕后,情势的变更不可能对合同产生任何影响,即使出现了情势变更情形,当事人也不能主张。
4.责任上,情势变更发生的事由须不可归责于双方当事人。双方或一方当事人对情势变更的发生有过错的,不适用情势变更原则。
5.结果上,因情势变更会导致合同的履行显失公平。这是情势变更原则的核心要件。情势变更原则只有在合同赖以成立的基础发生巨大变化,致使继续履行将显失公平,导致一方明显有利,另一方明显受损,双方当事人的利益严重失衡时才适用;如果影响轻微,则不适用。
6.目的上,情势变更原则的适用,在于消除合同因情势变更而出现的不公平后果,维护双方当事人之间的衡平利益,从而维护市场交易的秩序。
7.救济上,必须是当事人无法获得别的救济。如果当事人能从其他途径获得应有的救济,从而减少或消除情势变更的影响,则不适用该原则。
8.解决上,情势变更发生后,应先由双方当事人协商解决,如果协商不成,则必须由当事人向人民法院或仲裁机构申请予以裁定是否变更或解除合同。未经人民法院或仲裁机构裁定,一方或双方当事人不得自行变更或解除合同。
⑨ 求~~有关 合同法 中情势变更原则的外文资料 看好是外文的 不要日本的......最好是英文的
On the situation change in contract law principles of the legal effect
Contract Law
The principle of non change in contract law on the meaning, is to avoid the execution of the contract e to changes in cases of unfair results. Once that is applicable to proce legal effects, but also will have an impact on rights and obligations of parties to the contract of the results. In particular, the application of the principle of non change the legal effect primarily reflected in the following two aspects:
(A) rescission
Change the fact that cases arise, if the affected party through the exercise of the right to change the contract, is still not sufficient to rule out changes to its own violations of the unfair state, you can further exercise of contract interpretation, fundamentally eliminate the loss of balance Contractual relationship. Generally speaking, the changes to the contract because of violations can not be achieved purpose of the occasion, or contract to become an occasion looked forward to, or loss of the contract significance of the occasion, General can dissolve or terminate the contract.
Such as employment, leasing, lending and continue to contract because of violations that change in the termination of the contract. Also, a party of the sub-payments for long-term benefits, and the other for non-payment, while a rescission.
However, it is noteworthy that in the cases affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, the other party will often cause the loss, the loss of whether there should be advocated by the party to the adverse effects of compensation, the mainland Law of the national laws are not made expressly provided. This is generally in accordance with the change in contract law on the rescission of the contract or liability of the general provisions to be addressed. Chinese academics believe that violations changes to one of the parties under the contract Jiechu Quan only by the judicial organs of the trial practice before confirmation. However, China's Contract Law provides for the change or rescission, should bear the liability issues. For the parties to exercise this power because of rescission, to the other party caused the loss of property, contract law should also be based on the relevant provisions to address. Based on China's "Contract Law" section 97 "after the lifting of the contract were not met, and terminate; has been performed, according to circumstances and the nature of the contract, the parties can request restitution and take other remedial measures, and the right to seek compensation for losses" The provisions, it can be concluded: in China even in cases where affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, on which the other party to the losses caused, in accordance with the law still should bear the liability.
(B) the contract change
Change the contract is to maintain the original contract, the contract is only the content changes, so that in a fair contract on the basis of specific performance. Specifically, the main way to change the contract as follows:
First, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way.
Second, the amount of change in the subject. In double in the contract for both sides there is a relationship between the price, but there are some which the ratio between. If the proportion of cases lead to great changes disorders, should be subject to increase or decrease the amount, so that the two sides have taken place in the implementation of change, so that balance the interests of both sides. In the use of this method must pay attention to changes in the limits of the problem, to determine a reasonable standard to accurately assess the value ratio between the two sides to remove Xianshigongping phenomenon. In determining reasonable standards, consideration should be given the contract the parties must assume the risk of transactions, such as the risk of currency depreciation.
Third, postponed or phased implementation. This situation is actually referring to the period of change, mainly applicable to the contract dates, changes have taken place in cases of obstruction to the contract as scheled, the parties hope to continue to fulfil contractual obligations, but through changes to achieve the purpose of the contract period to avoid Fair result. Therefore, the negative impact of one of the parties that extension or phased implementation.
Fourth, the first to refuse to perform. This mainly refers to one of the parties have the obligation to perform the contract, while in the discharge of arrival, the other party to change because of violations led to significantly rece property, credit or other crisis situations, difficult to treat payments, not the other party in the Regular treatment can be provided to carry out a security, can refuse to perform the contract. However, a party must have for each other difficult to treat cases of changes in the implementation of the exact evidence, it should bear the losses caused by this responsibility.
To investigate the cases of change e to changes caused by the contract issue, the parties must explore the object of the exercise of the right to change the problem. It should be said that cases of change circumstances, one of the parties to the contract changes to the exercise of the right target is the terms of the contract. On the scope of the terms of the contract, all countries in the world of law not the same. Such as Hungary, the former Yugoslav countries such as the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms, it could be any of the provisions in the contract.
Fifth, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. Countries such as Greece and the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms of the contract only in terms of the number of 327-328.
Third, the subject of change. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, the debtor can change in principle. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. The author believes that cases of change from the principle of the spirit, by the parties to change the terms of the contract should be present in the cases of those who have changed the role, if the discharge will continue to be adversely affected party Xianshigongping, However, after the changes but also to avoid the terms. Therefore, from the fact that state, is within the scope of such a clause is not limited to the number of terms in the contract, but only some of these provisions, but is by no means any of the provisions. As mentioned above, change the principle of non change the validity of the contract performance in the above four aspects, and these changes to the way contracts have been fully described in cases where a party changes can change the terms of the contract is limited to the amount, ration , To form and subject, and other provisions, and also to change the subject of the contract will be limited to the subject by the same type of alternative. Because of these provisions of the change, effective from the adverse effects of changes to a party because of violations Xianshigongping change the role of the contract.
⑩ 现在合同法里面为什么没有情势变更原则了
情势变更原则的适用条件
第一 须有情势变更之事实。
这是适用情势变更的前提条件。所谓“情势”,系指作为合同法律行为基础或环境的一切客观事实[9]。包括政治,经济、法律及商业上的种种客观状况,具体如:国家政策、行政措施、现行法律规定、物价、币值,国内和国际市场运行状况等等。所谓“变更”,乃指这种情势在客观上发生异常变动[10]。这种变更可以是经济的如通货膨胀、币值贬值等;也可以非经济因素的变动,如战争即导致的封锁、禁运等。该事实是否构成情势变更,应以是否导致合同赖以成立的基础丧失,是否导致当事人目的不能实现,以及是否造成对价关系障碍为判断标准[11]。
第二 情势变更须发生在合同成立以后,履行终止之前。
这是适用情势变更原则的时间要件。只有情势的变更发生在合同成立之后,合同关系消灭之前,才能适用情势变更原则。在订约时,如发生情势的变更,当事人不得主张适用情势变更原则,这一点与英美法上的合同落空原则所要求的情势不同,落空原则所要求的情势,可发生订约之时[12]。若情势的变更发生在合同履行期间,又在履行过程中归于消灭,一般也不得适用情势变更原则,因为履行合同的基础已恢复至原状。若债务人迟延履行合同债务,在迟延期间发生了情势变更,则债务人不得主张适用情势变更原则,因为债务人如按合同规定履行不会发生情势变更。
第三 情势变更须是当事人所不能预见的,且有不可预见之性质。
这是适用情势变更原则主观要件的一个方面。情势变更是否属于不可预见,应根据当时的客观实际情况及商业习惯等作判断标准。当事人事实上虽然没有预见,但法律规定应当预见或者客观上应当预见,则不能适用情势变更,因为当事人对自已的主观过错应当承担责任;如仅有一方当事人不可预见,则仅该当事人可主张情势变更。如果当事人在订约时对于某种情势已有预见,则表明当事人考虑到这种因素并自愿承担该情势发生的风险,自不应适用情势变更原则。但对于发生机率很低的某种情况,如飞机失事等,尽管当事人在订约时会预见这些情况可能发生,但仍应依情势变更原则处理[13]。情势变更须因不可归责于双方当事人之事由而发生。这是适用情势变更原则主观要件的另一方面。双方当事人在订立合同时对情势的变更无法预见和防止,因此双方当事人在主观上无过错。如情势的变更由可归责于一方当事人或第三人的事由而发生,则有过错的一方当事人或第三人应承担责任,不适用情势变更原则。
第四 因情势变更而使原合同的履行显失公平。
这是适用情势变更原则的实质要件。情势变更发生以后,如继续按原合同规定履行义务,将会对一方当事人产生显失公平的结果。适用情势变更原则是为了平衡当事人之间的利益,消除合同因情势变更所产生的显失公平,赋于一方当事人变更或解除合同的权利。梁慧星先生认为此显失公平应依一般人看法,包括债务人履行困难和债权人受领不足及其履行对债权人无利益[14]。笔者认为是否显失公平,以下几点可作为判断标准:
一 是否符合诚实信用原则,公平合理原则;
二 显先公平的事实须存在于合同双方当事人或其中一方;
三 显失公平的结果,使双方利益关系发生重大变动,危害交易安全;
四 主张适用的一方因不适用而遭受的损失,一般要远大于适用时对方所遭受的损失。
2、适用情势变更原则的法律效力
情势变更原则的目的,在于排除因客观情况的变化而发生的不公平的结果,使合同在公平的基础上得到履行或解除合同。其法律效力通常表现在以下两个方面:一是重新协商,又称“再交涉义务”,即一方当事人可以要求对方就合同的内容重新协商。二是诉请人民法院或仲裁机构变更或解除合同,变更合同就是在原合同的基础上,仅就合同不公正之点予以变更,使其双方的权利义务趋于平衡。如增减给付、延期或分期履行、拒绝先为履行,变更标的物等;解除合同即使合同关系自始消灭。但通过何种步骤和方式实现这一价值,各国立法和判例一般基于这样的考虑:从契约严守的立场出发,法律首先倾向于最大限度地维持既有的法律关系。对于不公平的后果首先应着眼于在维持原有法律关系的基础上调整当事人双方的权利义务,使之趋于平衡。只有在通过变更合同仍不足以排除不公平的后果时,扩张采取终止或消灭原合同关系的措施。