defaultrule合同法

A. yii rule设置default和mysql default有什么区别

CFilterValidator 过滤验证属性
filter – 方法名 (调用用户自己定义的函数)
实例：
array(‘username’, ‘test’) function test() { $username = $this->username; if($username != ‘lh’){ $this->addError(‘username’, ‘username must be lh’); } }
使用这个方法如果你还在array里面写message=>”,给出的提示信息还是你的test里面的。也就是以test里面的错误信息为准

B. 恳请高手将俺的法硕毕业论文的论文摘要翻译成英文

Non-compliance with the responsibility of civil tort liability is the most basic and most important of the two types of civil liability. Although the General Principles of Civil Law in China set up a special chapter on civil liability, respectively, the two types of civil liability has been stipulated, but only for abstract modern legal provisions to regulate the social life of the perspective is different. Because of the complexity of the relationship between civil, civil offense to the multiplicity of nature, a practice of frequent violations at the same time in line with the characteristics of two types of civil liability, a civil liability competing. China's Contract Law Section 122 provides only established the default liability and tort liability competing general rule that people can only choose to exercise their right to request a right. Although different countries default liability and tort liability competing requirements different, but the right of people can only exercise the right to a request, we can not repeat the debt service, national legislation and judicial practice is consistent with the position. As the focus of the right to request all kinds of different, although the contents are basically the same relief, however, a request which the exercise of the right, the result is not exactly the same. Whether the right to request the exercise of the right to choose, the right to have the interests of a relationship.
The victim in options, as our tort liability system and the default provisions of the responsibility system and the burden of proof with regard to the scope of protection, and other great distinction, at the request of the right to choose different in China's current legal provisions under the protection it will proce different results. And this for the victims, the same damage should be essentially the same compensation, or else they would have proceral fairness led to the unfair entities.
This paper attempts to breach of ty and infringement on the responsibility of the distinction between the two, competing for the competing theory in the world and the current judicial practice patterns, the use of comparative studies, theoretical analysis and empirical case approach on how to choose the request of the victim, competing responsibilities in the interests of the victim how to be well protected and to identify strengths and weaknesses of competing theories and justice on the basis of practice, and thus promote China's Contract Law No. 122 of the legal provisions on how to resolve such cases in litigation, breach of contract and tort liability should be the responsibility of competing restrictions, the full gains and losses balance the interests of clients, trying to make their own legislative proposals with a view to civil legislation and judicial practice to contribute.

C. 华为防火墙应用控制怎么设置自定义应用策略

这个要开启防火墙的DPI（简单的说也就是上网行为管理）功能，你的设备版本是什么？如果是V100R005SPC500的话，直接升级到V100R005SPC700可以通过WEB配置上网行为管理，非常方便。如果没法升级，就只有命令行了，刚好我有之前配置的一些文档，你看下：sys首先进入配置模式dpienable开启深度包检测功能.x.x.xdnsserverx.x.x.x配置DNS参数，按照你们当地的地址配置dpiusingdefaultrule-baseupdateserverupdaterule-baseremoteperiod2q进入DPI配置，配升级服务器与升级周期，退出acl2000ruledenysourcex.x.x.x0配置ACL，拒绝源地址（零代表单一主机地址）rulepermitquitrule0if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_impacket-filteracl-number2000rule1if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_im_httppacket-filteracl-number2000rule2if-matchcategoryIMapplicationqq_wirelesspacket-filteracl-number2000rule3if--filteracl-number2000rule4if-_encrypted_datapacket-filteracl-number2000rule5if-_httppacket-filteracl-number2000配置拒绝协议，引用规则relation-detectionenablewhole-packet-searchenable开启全包检测功能q退出-statecheck开启防火墙会话检测q退出sa保存配置战斗结束

D. 中国合同法

第402条规定的情况
第402条规定的是第三人在订立合同时知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的情况，这时，该合同直接约束委托人和第三人，但有确切证据证明该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。该条实际上是《日本民法典》第100条但书规定和《德国民法典》第164条第1款第2项规定的翻版。《日本民法典》第99条规定，“代理人于其权限内明示为本人而进行的意思表示，直接对本人发生效力。前款规定，准用于第三人对代理人所进行的意思表示。”第100条规定了未明示为本人的行为，“代理人未明示为本人而进行的意思表示，视为为自己所为。但是，相对人已知其为本人所为或可得知其为本人时，准用前条第一款的规定”。〔31〕《德国民法典》第164条第1款第1项规定：某人在其享有的代理权限范围内以被代理人的名义进行意思表示的，其意思表示直接为被代理人和对被代理人发生效力。第2项规定：表示是否明示以被代理人名义进行，或依情形表示是否应以被代理人名义进行，并无区别。〔32〕
综合考虑我国合同法的规定，并借鉴《日本民法典》、《德国民法典》的上述规定，我们可以分析得出第402条的构成。
首先，受托人是以自己的名义与第三人订立合同。如果受托人以本人名义订立合同则直接适用代理的规定，发生代理的效果。
其次，第三人知道委托人与受托人之间的代理关系。我国有学者认为，第402条的适用前提为英美法中的隐名代理，即受托人虽表明自己为他人代理的身份，但不指出委托人究竟是谁。〔33〕还有学者认为，知道委托人与受托人之间的代理关系是明确知道，而不包括应当知道，也不包括知道得不确切的情况。知道的内容包括具体的被代理人和委托授权的内容及期限。〔34〕笔者认为，该条适用的前提应该是第三人知道或者应该知道代理的事实以及被代理人是谁，而委托授权的内容以及期限则不必知道。因为如果是出于保护第三人的目的而做这种解释，就有些杞人忧天了，毕竟还有表见代理制度来保护信赖代理外观的相对人利益。笔者这样定义知道的内容主要是基于以下理由。
首先，如果对照《日本民法典》第99条和第100条的规定、《德国民法典》第164条第1款第2项规定，我们只能得出这样的结论——第三人必须知道本人是谁，否则他也无法将法律行为的后果直接归属于本人。日本学者在解释第100条但书适用的情形时，进行了举例说明：虽然本人的姓名没有明确指示出来，但是，从具体情境能够推断出本人是谁，例如在某经营场所内雇员进行的行为，一般来说就是为经营者的雇主（本人）所为的。〔35〕其次，如果从体系上考虑，合同法在委托合同中规定的代理情形是区别于行纪的，如果第三人不知道、也无从知道具体的被代理人，则应该适用行纪的规定。需要特别指出的是，本条规定的情况并非针对的是英美法中的隐名代理。隐名本人的代理并非是表明代理关系存在，而不披露本人，前文已述，这是部分显名本人，也称作不公开本人姓名的代理。而“隐名代理”是不公开本人身份的代理，是指第三人在订立合同时不知道或不可能知道与他订立合同的人是在为另外一个人而订约，而是以为他是在与同他订约的人进行交易。〔36〕如果合同的第三人不知道和自己正在进行交易的对方事实上只是代理人，就第三人而言，他认为自己完全是在和代理人进行合同交易，则这时的本人(principal）就是隐名的（undisclosed）。〔37〕权威的法律词典对隐名代理所做的定义也采取这种理解，如“隐名本人指的是代理人隐匿了自己只是在授权范围内代表另一个人缔结合同的事实；由此，在事实披露后，代理人或者本人都可以诉合同的另一方当事人，也都可以被另一方所诉。”〔38〕“隐名代理（undisclosed
agency）于代理人不通知第三人代理之情形而进行交易时成立”。“在代理人进行交易之时，另一方当事人并不知晓代理人是为本人而行为的，此时的本人就是隐名本人（undisclosed
principal）。”〔39〕包括台湾学者在内的我国大多数学者将隐名代理定义为代理人姓名的隐去，而代理关系存在之事实当事人均知悉，这是对英美法中隐名代理制度的误读。
再次，从时间上看，知道的时间应该是受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同的时候。因为，事后才知道代理人和本人的关系的话，则无法判断出第三人要与委托人签订合同关系的意图。第三人要与委托人订立合同的意愿是在合同缔结之初存在的，不能在合同履行甚至违约时做出判断。
又次，必须没有证据表明合同只约束受托人和第三人。例如，合同双方在签订契约之时特别约定，合同只拘束受托人和第三人。
最后，从法律效果上分析，该条规定的是直接代理，因为其法律后果直接约束委托人与第三人，而不是赋予委托人介入权或者第三人选择权。
综上所述，我们得出，我国合同法第402条规定的原型实际上是大陆法系《日本民法典》第100条的但书规定和《德国民法典》第164条第1款第2项的规定，而不是英美法的隐名代理制度。因此，在分析该条规定时，不能依据隐名代理制度设计其构成，在适用该条规定时，也不能参考隐名代理制度来理解。同时，该条的效果也是直接代理的效果，与第403条的规定联系不大。
第403条规定的情况
如果受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同，第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系，则适用第403条的规定。这是该条适用的前提条件，但如何解释这个条件却得大费周章。从字面解释，不知道“受托人与委托人之间的代理关系”有两种理解：第一、根本就不知道受托人是受人之托；第二、不知道受托人是受何人所托，但是知道受托人是受人之托。我国有学者将该条适用的前提定义为“未披露委托人的代理”，指代理人根本不表明自己为他人代理的身份，更不指明委托人。〔40〕笔者赞成此点解释。但此点解释存在着很大的障碍。首先如果是这样，文面索性就规定“第三人不知道代理关系”了事，免得徒生歧义；其次，本条与第402条使用的语言完全一致——“受托人与委托人之间的代理关系”，那解释上也应该一致——委托人应该是具体特指的那个人。第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系，也就应该解释为第三人不知道具体的委托人是谁。〔41〕最后，根本的原因还在于，前文已述，合同法的立法过程告诉我们，第402条和第403条的内容曾经是作为对外贸易行纪的内容放在行纪部分里，那么，只能说明，立法本意中这两条所规定的就是一种需要特殊处理的行纪关系。因为行纪人是专门做行纪业务的，行纪合同中的第三人知道委托关系存在。既然合同法做出这样的规定主要是为了解决外贸代理的问题，那么，似乎这样一种解释——第三人不知道受托人是受谁人之托，但是知道受托人是受人之托——就是必然了。但如果说该条是借鉴英美法的代理制度做出的规定，那么如此解释就会使我们的《合同法》犯一个原则性错误。因为做出这样的解释后，该条规定的情形符合英美法上不公开本人姓名的半显名代理的情况，而在半显名代理的情况下，第三人的选择权是不适用的。半显名代理中的第三人对本人和代理人享有的权利不是或此或彼的，而是累积的（cumulative），直至其权利全部实现。有两个逻辑支持这一处理原则：首先代理人必须是合同的当事人，因为通常人们不会希望完全和一个未知的人做交易；其次，半显名的本人也是合同的当事人，因为通常情况下，与代理人交易的相对人希望合同为之计算的那个人来承担责任。〔42〕如此分析后，我们自己也吓了一跳：该条的规定实际上违背了立法者的本意，反而使立法意图专门解决的外贸代理问题被架空了。无奈之下，我们的分析也只能参考英美法代理制度中隐名代理条件下的委托人的介入权和第三人的选择权，不得不忽略适用前提问题。但让我们欣慰的是，英美法代理制度的发展使得隐名代理与半显名代理的区别越来越小，如下文详述的隐名代理中，法院已经开始放弃或者修正第三人的选择权规则，第三人的地位已经趋近于半显名代理中第三人。这也许可以作为我们忽略规则适用的制度背景的一个借口。
1、委托人的介入权。
受托人因第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此可以介入受托人与第三人之间的合同关系，直接行使受托人对第三人的权利。这里，委托人行使介入权的条件如下：
其一，因为第三人的原因致使受托人不能向委托人履行义务；如果是受托人的原因，则委托人可以直接向受托人主张权利，而不必涉及第三人。
其二，受托人向委托人披露第三人。这里的披露内容是指受托人向委托人指出具体的第三人。
在委托人不履行义务导致受托人无法向第三人履行义务，以及第三人的原因致使受托人无法向委托人履行义务的情况下，会发生受托人披露第三人或者委托人的问题。这是受托人的义务，但是，如果受托人不愿意披露第三人或委托人，则只能由受托人自己来承担法律后果。这时，就需要按照纯粹的三方当事人，两个独立的合同来处理。
其三，委托人行使介入权要受限制。
我国《合同法》规定的限制条件有两个：第三人与受托人订立合同时，如果知道委托人就不会订立合同，则委托人不得行使介入权；第三人可以向本人主张其对代理人能够主张的抗辩权。根据学者的解释，第三人如果知道委托人就不会订立合同的情况主要有：第三人和受托人在合同中明确规定，禁止他人的介入；第三人纯粹是因为信赖受托人个人而与之缔结契约，如非常注重受托人的信用、技能、履约能力等；一些必须要由受托人亲自履行的合同，委托人也不宜介入；第三人曾经与委托人协商订约，因怀疑委托人的信用、履约能力等情况而拒绝与其缔结合同。〔43〕
美国判例法确定，在下列情况下委托人行使介入权要受到一些限制。
第一、与向代理人履行相比，对本人履行将给第三人带来更大的负担，如第三人向本人履行，地理距离上多出一倍。这时，第三人有权要求额外的费用，或者免除其向本人履行的义务。
第二、代理人或者本人恶意隐瞒了代理的事实。
第三、合同要求代理人亲自履行，如代理人是著名的风景画画家，同时也是艺术家们的经纪人，同意为第三人的农场做画，但内心里却想让另一位画家来完成。这种情况下，如果代理人没有事先向第三人言明是要另一位画家来完成，则必须由其亲自完成。
第四、第三人可以向本人主张其对代理人能够主张的抗辩权。例如，代理人因另一笔交易而欠第三人100元，则第三人就可以向本人主张从履行中抵销掉这100元。〔44〕在美国代理制度中，第三人在履行完自己对代理人的义务后，对被代理人可以不再承担责任，其前提是抗辩在第三人知悉本人存在之事实前成立。因为根据美国代理法重述（第2次）第307（1）（a），在相对人知悉本人存在前，隐名代理人都是合同的当事人。〔45〕我国合同法第403条第3款规定，委托人行使受托人对第三人的权利的，第三人可以向委托人主张其对受托人的抗辩，但没有就该款的适用做出限定。考虑到第三人有可能和受托人同谋恶意侵害委托人的利益，在委托人行使介入权的情况下，第三人对于委托人提出的抗辩，应该以知道或者能够知道未显名的委托人之前存在的抗辩理由为限。
2、第三人的选择权。
受托人因委托人的原因对第三人不履行义务，受托人应当向第三人披露委托人，第三人因此可以选择受托人或者委托人作为相对人主张其权利，但第三人不得变更选定的相对人。这里的关键问题是，在第三人选定相对人以后就不得再变更。也就是说，如果第三人向委托人主张权利后未获实现，则第三人就无法再向受托人主张合同义务。这是英美法上的一项原则性规定，认为第三人对于代理人的权利和第三人对于本人的权利是冲突的，一旦选择其一就不能改变主意向另一方起诉。〔46〕不得变更相对人的规定有其制度背景，如果本人已经向代理人支付了价金，但代理人没有将其付给第三人，本人是否需要向第三人再付款？在英国法中，答案是“他必须这样做”！〔47〕我国合同法在规定第三人选择权的同时，又规定了委托人可以对第三人主张自己对受托人的抗辩以及受托人对第三人的抗辩。这样，如果委托人已经与受托人了结了债务，则委托人就不会再做出第二次给付。我国学者据此认为，我国合同法的规定实际上与所谓纯正的英美法不公开本人身份的代理理论背道而驰。〔48〕但是，如何看待本人对于第三人所担负的责任，这在美国代理制度的发展历史上是有过反复的。代理法最初并非是一个显在的法律分支领域，只是后来因为组织性社团的出现，才使得对其研究和讨论蓬勃发展起来。19世纪美国关于代理制度的讨论并不区分本人的责任和雇主责任，本人所承担的责任就是雇主-雇员之间关系适用的严格责任。正如约瑟夫·斯托里（Joseph
Story）论述的那样，在一般授权（general
authority）的情况下，本人要对代理人的行为承担责任，即使代理人违反了本人所发出的指示。尽管在特别授权（special
authority）时情况不同。这种论点被归结为地位（status-based
framework）说。19世纪中叶，斯托里关于一般代理和特别代理的分类受到了批判。当时社会分工进一步发展，企业结构发生了巨大的变化。在斯托里时代，代理人与本人之间通常存在着个人关系，而19世纪的公司大爆炸使得雇员的数量越来越多，他们分散在全国各地，使他们有机会和条件超越代理权限范围。于是，西奥菲勒斯·帕森（Theophilus
Parsons）对斯托里的分类进行批判，提出任何人只能受其个人意志形成的代理的拘束。1876年，弗朗西斯·沃顿（Francis
Wharton）在其《代理与代理人法释（Commentary on the Law of Agency and
Agents）》一书中，将代理与雇佣（service）进行了区分，认为前者事关业务经营，雇员有自由裁量的权利；而后者是事务性的操作，雇员必须执行具体明确的指令。这样，19世纪上叶作为独立自足的代理法分支，在19世纪下半叶便开始消迹于侵权或者合同法领域之中。沃顿还试图把本人从雇佣关系的严格责任中解脱出来，而采用过失标准。也是在这个时代，代理法被司法实践看作是合同法的分支。但根据严格的合同意思理论（the
will
theory），要求本人对第三人负责、第三人向本人承担责任存在解释上的困难，因为和并不知晓其存在的人进行交易，不能说是意思达成了合致。但法院认为，如果让本人不承受任何负担就享有利益是不公正的，因此，隐名本人要对代理人和第三人之间的交易负责。〔49〕20世纪初，美国著名学者亚瑟·科宾（Arthur
Corbin）关于合同的论述，影响了对隐名本人向第三人承担责任的基础的研究。他认为“违约责任不是当事人协议的结果，而是法律的产物”。〔50〕紧在科宾之后，1920年，哈佛大学法学院的沃伦·西维（Warren
Seavey）教授提出，隐名本人对于代理人和第三人之间的合同所应该具有的当事人地位，是普通法上的衡平规则，本人所承担的责任是法律根据具体情形之正义要求设定的义务，与当事人的意志无涉。〔51〕在今天，当受托人接受了委托人的履行后，却不能向第三人履行时，该如何处理，美国法院的看法事实上仍然不一致。多数说认为，在本人尚未公开时，如果本人和代理人之间对于债权债务的处理出于诚信，本人认为代理人会向第三人履行，则本人可以免责。而少数说认为，隐名本人并不免除清偿之责，除非第三人的行为让本人有理由相信代理人已经进行了偿付。多数说的根据在于，本人基于善意向代理人做出的履行并不损害第三人，因为第三人的预期中，代理人是唯一的交易对方，因此他也必须承担和代理人之间的信用风险。而少数说的论据在于，得到了本人支持的代理人在第三人看来是完全不同的一个独立的交易者，而且本人有无穷无尽的措施可以保护他自己。不能因为本人倚赖其代理人的诚实而不是他自己的调查就让第三人受损。〔52〕和美国法院的多数观点进行比较，我国合同法的规定与其差距并不大，唯一不同的是，我们没有对有效抗辩做出限定，从主观上看，本人向代理人履行的行为必须出于诚信和善意；从客观上看，有效抗辩必须是在第三人选择之前存在的。在第三人选择以后，本人要为第三人的利益做出考虑。因此，《荷兰民法典》做出了如下规定：如果一个代理人以自己的名义进行交易，违反了他对第三人所负的义务，或者如果他已经破产，第三人可以向本人提出书面通知，并且直接对其起诉，但范围只限于本人在接到通知后应对代理人所承担的责任。〔53〕
第三人的选择权在美国很多州受到了攻击，在这些州第三人获得了大翻盘，他们争取到了针对本人的额外的权利，而不是原来的选择性权利。他们成功地说服了法院，第三人只享有选择本人和代理人其中之一的权利是不公平的，因为在关键性的代理人破产的情况下，往往会仅仅因为第三人犯了相信代理人有足够的资产偿债的错误，便使本人从交易中获取利益而不必履行自己的义务。〔54〕摒弃第三人选择规则（the election rule or election of remedied
rule）已经成为一种趋势，时下在美国的多数州，法院要求本人和代理人对第三人承担连带责任

E. 急求关于合同法基本原则的英文论文及翻译 谢谢朋友了！

The first party:
The second party:

Both parties according to A B amity consultation, and basis 《 the People's Republic of China contract method 》 provision, transact the computer for the first party from the second party[ so-and-so company] carry on the sale gearing, especially sign this contract.The both parties wish to obey the following item also:

Article 1:Service contents
A, our company sells the whole computers, all a professional personnel test, match the nation 《 the proct quantity method 》 , 《 standardize the method 》 and public security official's department related provision, device in before sell all stuck to protect to fix to seal in the particular position of the equipments;
Two, the device that sell, all from the operation method that my professional personnel of company teaches the device, make the appropriate technique training also when it's necessary;
Three, all device from sell from this very day, in a year breakdown proce by the device quantity, will practice:
A, three months protects to change;
B, free protect to fix in three years;
Four, after system check before acceptance, three months protect to use the period inside, if because of the equipments quantity problem occurrence break down, our company even replaces together model number new proct;
Five, protect to fix the period as three years.This period, my company implements the gratis maintenance service.After receiving the customer breakdown, send the professional personnel to be present immediately;
Six, take place as follows one of the factors, the loss result in break down, don't belong to protect to use, protect to fix the scope, our company forgives not to take any economic responsibility:
1, not belong to the profession of my company to maintain the personnel or engineering the personnel tears to protect to fix to seal, tearing open the machine of;
2, a fire, the electric shock, outside object tumble down or the equipments damage that other natural disasters cause;
3, not my company officers and workers or not my company authorization user usage, or usage power the one who use carries on operation to result in of artificial breakdown;
Seven, the device that our company sells and starts construction to install in the engineering check before acceptance after, must create file, and fill in" the equipments keeps on record the card".Hereafter the device maintain the movement circumstances and should stuff with this card;
Eight, the first party if have a great achievement increment or the service needs of ability, all with the both parties are written form, E-mail or fax for basis, all fluctuation, all with the both parties' representative director confirm for precise.

Article 2:Support the contract period
The equipments maintenance period:
Month from year from day,
Go to the year month day, for expect the month.

4, payment and deliver goods the way:
1) all contract amount of money, add up the total amount of money as a renminbi of … , the first party adopts an all styles( use the check remittance) with all paid sex to the second party after install complete.
2) the conveyance method and expenses burden:
The second party presses the first party to request to install to adjust to try to like to provide to the first party, the traffic expense is undertake by the second party.
3) date of delivery:Deliver goods in year month day
4) place of delivery:

Article 4:Both parties' responsibility
The second party:
1, must guarantee the above-mentioned proct to proce also for the original factory from formality of, legal of outlet import;
2, protect to fix the standard:From need the square to check before acceptance qualified press to proce the factory house to protect to fix the standard performance from day;
3, protect to fix and support the way:The second party provides three years of free maintenance service towards the equipments that provide.( if the hardware appear the breakdown, can't solve in time, the second party need to be provide in time together the model number proct substitutes at the time)When the first party's occurrence equipments
While breaking down and notifying the second party with the telephone or written form way, the second party should at 6 work arrive to break down the spot.
The first party:
1, after goods arrive check before acceptance immediately, if discover the problem, replacing at the request of the telephone notify the second party to resolve in 7 or, otherwise seeing as check before acceptance qualified.
2, the first party can't bear debt all expenseses of the second party;Break contract the square needs toward the second party to pay 0.1%/ day of penalty fee( put together together amount of money).
Other:
1, the maintenance period expires, A B both parties another go to sign to support the contract, continue the service item.
2, break contract the responsibility:The second party can't request time to deliver goods according to the first party, belonging to the default behavior;The first party can't rule the deadline to pay the payment according to the contract, belonging to the default behavior.Break contract the square needs toward the other party to pay the penalty fee, fining money the total amount not to exceed to match
0.1% that is together.
3, solve the way of the contract dispute:This contract occurrence dispute, was negotiate by both parties or the intermediation does not become, any square has the power to initiate public prosecution toward court of the people.
4, contract if have the not known exhausted place, both parties amity the consultation solve.
5, once the contract book try two, from the both parties' representative the signing adds to cover the Company's seal or a young man of contract effects also, faxing the piece to have the equal legal effect.

Make agreement the person
A square: B square:
Representative: Representative:
Sign the date: Sign the date:
Telephone: Telephone:
Address: Address:

F. 1999年英国合同法在什么背景下修订的。。求高人帮忙。。英语简单介绍一下1999合同法的背景

请问是关于第三方权力的吗？
这部法律叫 <<合同（第三方权力）法 1999>>
背景是这样的，英国的合同法是由案例法组成的。案例法里有一条规则，也就是说第三方不能请求法院执行合同里赋予他的权力 (叫 Privity rule)。比如，A和B签订合同，在A死后B每月给C 2000 英镑，按照案例法，如果A死后B不给C钱，C以个人名义无权请求执行这项权力。

The Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act came into existence e to the deficiencies of the Privity rule of the Common Law. The rule states that third parties cannot enforce contractual rights in contracts of which they are not a party. For example, if A signs a contract with B to pay C 2000 pounds after death, under Common Law, C has no right to enforce this right under his personal capacity. This rule is often seen as harsh and unnecessary.

G. 英美法系、大陆法系、我国合同法以及公约对救济方法有何不同规定

1、卖方违反合同的补救方法
主要有三种情况：
(1)不交货
交货是卖方的一项最基本的义务，对卖方违反买卖同规定拒绝交货，各国的法律规定不同：
大陆法系国家规定：当卖方拒绝交货时，买方可采取实行履行救济方法，是指债权人有权要求债务人按照合同规定履行交货义务;同时买方也可采取解除合同、请求损害赠偿的救济方法。
英美法系国家则强调：一切合同义务都当事人所作为的许诺，即使做出许诺的一方没有过失，也构成违约，同样应承担违约责任。
《公约》规定：在卖方拒不交货的情况下，可采取以下三种救济主法：
a.要求对方履行交货义务;
b.在一定条件下，可以撤销合同;
c.请求损害赔偿。
(2)延迟交货
《公约》在延迟问题上的处理方式， 参照《德国民法典》的做法，在第49条规定，只有当卖方延迟交货构成根本违反合同时，买方才可以撤销合同。《公约》还规定，无论买方采取保种救济方法，都不妨碍买方请求损害赔偿的权利，即使买方已经以卖方迟延交货为理由撤销其合同。
(3)货物与合同不符
当卖方所交付的货物在品质、规格、数量或包装等方面与合同约定不相符时，买方应采取哪些补救方法，各国法律有不同的规定。
《公约》规定，即买方应在发现或应发现不符情形后一段合理时间内通知卖方，说明不符情形的性质，否则即丧失声称货物不符合同的权利。一般情况下可采取以下几种救济方法：
a.要求交付替代物;
b.要求对不符合同的货物进行修补;
c.在宽限期内履行;
d.要求减低价格;
e.交货部分合格的情况下，不能全部解除(如果是机械配件可以)。
f.撤销合同(解除合同);
g.请求损害赔偿。
2、买方违反合同的补救方法
买方违反合同的主要表现有：
(1)不按合同的规定支付货款;
(2)不按合同规定受领货物。
出现以上情况，应采取哪些补救办法?各国法律规定不同。
a.大陆法系国家规定：如《德国民法典》规定，如买方不支付货款，卖方可以采取：
提起诉讼，要求支付价金;
请求赔偿和解除合同。
b.英美法系规定：卖方只能请求损害赠偿，而不能解除合同。买方拒收物和拒绝支付货款时，卖方可采取两种不同的救济方法：
一是债权方面的救济方法：当货物的所有权尚未转移买方时，如买方拒绝受领货物或拒不付款，卖方一般无权对买方提出价金之诉，而只能以买方不接受货物为由，对买方提出损害赔偿的诉讼。
如果货物的所有权已经转移于买方，可能有两种情况：一是买方无理拒绝货物，卖方可以以买方拒绝接受货物为由请求损害赔偿，也可以向买方提出支付价金之诉;二是买方已经接受了货物，而拒绝对付货款，卖方唯一的救济方法就是向买方提起价金之诉，要求支付货款。
二是物权方面的救济方法：是指未收到货款的卖方对货物所享有的物权。英国法律规定，当买方不支付货款时，卖方可以对货物进行以下两种权利：
留置权：即未收到货款的卖方可以对货物行使留置权，把货物留下来作为支付价金的担保，直至买方支付全部价金为止。一旦货物脱离卖方占有(已发运过去)，卖方就不能行使此项权利，而只能行使中途停运权。
停运权：是指未收到货款的卖方在买方无力清偿债务时，把已脱离其占有但仍处于运输途中的货物，重新取运回来的一项权利。行使此项权利需具备以下条件：卖方必须已经交出了对货物的占有;买方确无清偿能力;只能在货物的运输途中行使。
3、买卖双方都可采取的救济方法
(1)损害赔偿(直接、间接);
(2)逾期违约的，中止履行;
(3)分期分批交货合同的违约救济办法：
交货，未交，交货(当中有一批交货可以解除，但第三批必须交货)。
交货，未交，交货(第二、三批由于没交款，都可以解除)。
交，未交，未交(第二批零配件没有到可以全部解除)。

H. 求~~有关 合同法 中情势变更原则的外文资料 看好是外文的 不要日本的......最好是英文的

On the situation change in contract law principles of the legal effect
Contract Law
The principle of non change in contract law on the meaning, is to avoid the execution of the contract e to changes in cases of unfair results. Once that is applicable to proce legal effects, but also will have an impact on rights and obligations of parties to the contract of the results. In particular, the application of the principle of non change the legal effect primarily reflected in the following two aspects:

(A) rescission

Change the fact that cases arise, if the affected party through the exercise of the right to change the contract, is still not sufficient to rule out changes to its own violations of the unfair state, you can further exercise of contract interpretation, fundamentally eliminate the loss of balance Contractual relationship. Generally speaking, the changes to the contract because of violations can not be achieved purpose of the occasion, or contract to become an occasion looked forward to, or loss of the contract significance of the occasion, General can dissolve or terminate the contract.

Such as employment, leasing, lending and continue to contract because of violations that change in the termination of the contract. Also, a party of the sub-payments for long-term benefits, and the other for non-payment, while a rescission.

However, it is noteworthy that in the cases affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, the other party will often cause the loss, the loss of whether there should be advocated by the party to the adverse effects of compensation, the mainland Law of the national laws are not made expressly provided. This is generally in accordance with the change in contract law on the rescission of the contract or liability of the general provisions to be addressed. Chinese academics believe that violations changes to one of the parties under the contract Jiechu Quan only by the judicial organs of the trial practice before confirmation. However, China's Contract Law provides for the change or rescission, should bear the liability issues. For the parties to exercise this power because of rescission, to the other party caused the loss of property, contract law should also be based on the relevant provisions to address. Based on China's "Contract Law" section 97 "after the lifting of the contract were not met, and terminate; has been performed, according to circumstances and the nature of the contract, the parties can request restitution and take other remedial measures, and the right to seek compensation for losses" The provisions, it can be concluded: in China even in cases where affected by changes to the party through the exercise of Jiechu Quan and rescission, on which the other party to the losses caused, in accordance with the law still should bear the liability.

(B) the contract change

Change the contract is to maintain the original contract, the contract is only the content changes, so that in a fair contract on the basis of specific performance. Specifically, the main way to change the contract as follows:

First, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way.

Second, the amount of change in the subject. In double in the contract for both sides there is a relationship between the price, but there are some which the ratio between. If the proportion of cases lead to great changes disorders, should be subject to increase or decrease the amount, so that the two sides have taken place in the implementation of change, so that balance the interests of both sides. In the use of this method must pay attention to changes in the limits of the problem, to determine a reasonable standard to accurately assess the value ratio between the two sides to remove Xianshigongping phenomenon. In determining reasonable standards, consideration should be given the contract the parties must assume the risk of transactions, such as the risk of currency depreciation.

Third, postponed or phased implementation. This situation is actually referring to the period of change, mainly applicable to the contract dates, changes have taken place in cases of obstruction to the contract as scheled, the parties hope to continue to fulfil contractual obligations, but through changes to achieve the purpose of the contract period to avoid Fair result. Therefore, the negative impact of one of the parties that extension or phased implementation.

Fourth, the first to refuse to perform. This mainly refers to one of the parties have the obligation to perform the contract, while in the discharge of arrival, the other party to change because of violations led to significantly rece property, credit or other crisis situations, difficult to treat payments, not the other party in the Regular treatment can be provided to carry out a security, can refuse to perform the contract. However, a party must have for each other difficult to treat cases of changes in the implementation of the exact evidence, it should bear the losses caused by this responsibility.

To investigate the cases of change e to changes caused by the contract issue, the parties must explore the object of the exercise of the right to change the problem. It should be said that cases of change circumstances, one of the parties to the contract changes to the exercise of the right target is the terms of the contract. On the scope of the terms of the contract, all countries in the world of law not the same. Such as Hungary, the former Yugoslav countries such as the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms, it could be any of the provisions in the contract.

Fifth, change the subject matter. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, in principle, the debtor can change. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. Countries such as Greece and the Civil Code stipulates that violations by the change of one of the parties have the right to change the terms of the contract only in terms of the number of 327-328.

Third, the subject of change. Based on principles of contract law of the type of debt is a sure delivery to the subject matter, the debtor can change in principle. However, cases of changes which a party can not deliver the subject of the contract, the debtor should be allowed to change to the same kinds of other objects instead of the original subject matter. However, if the cause can not be certain of delivery, not because of specific alternative of the other, in such circumstances it is not appropriate to change the subject matter of the way. The author believes that cases of change from the principle of the spirit, by the parties to change the terms of the contract should be present in the cases of those who have changed the role, if the discharge will continue to be adversely affected party Xianshigongping, However, after the changes but also to avoid the terms. Therefore, from the fact that state, is within the scope of such a clause is not limited to the number of terms in the contract, but only some of these provisions, but is by no means any of the provisions. As mentioned above, change the principle of non change the validity of the contract performance in the above four aspects, and these changes to the way contracts have been fully described in cases where a party changes can change the terms of the contract is limited to the amount, ration , To form and subject, and other provisions, and also to change the subject of the contract will be limited to the subject by the same type of alternative. Because of these provisions of the change, effective from the adverse effects of changes to a party because of violations Xianshigongping change the role of the contract.

I. 财务英语的简写

财务英语的简写是Finance

财务泛指财务活动和财务关系。前者指企业在生产过程中涉及资金的活动，表明财务的形式特征; 后者指财务活动中企业和各方面的经济关系，揭示财务的内容本质。因此，概括说来，企业财务就是企业再生产过程中的资金运动，体现着企业和各方面的经济关系。

财务不仅是国民经济各部门、各单位在物质资料再生产过程中客观存在的资金运动及资金运动过程中所体现的经济关系，更主要的是财产和债务，即资产和负债等。

(9)defaultrule合同法扩展阅读

财务工作基本职责：

1、负责公司日常财务核算，参与公司的经营管理。

2、根据公司资金运作情况，合理调配资金，确保公司资金正常运转。

3、搜集公司经营活动情况、资金动态、营业收入和费用开支的资料并进行分析、提出建议，定期向总经理报告。

4、组织各部门编制收支计划，编制公司的月、季、年度营业计划和财务计划，定期对执行情况进行检查分析。

5、严格财务管理，加强财务监督，督促财务人员严格执行各项财务制度和财经纪律。

6、负责企业网上银行的安全与正常运营，负责下属各企业应上缴费用、下达与收缴工作。

7、负责企业的资产管理、债权债务的管理工作，参与企业的各项投资管理。

8、负责企业年度财务决算工作，审核、编制上级有关财务报表，并进行综合分析。

J. 翻译合同成英文

The party of the first part:
Second party:

According to the armor second grade both sides friendly consultation,
and rests on "People's Republic of China Law of contract" to stipulate
that, the party of the first part work computer [ someone company ]
carries on the sales installment by the second party, signs this
contract especially. Below both sides and are willing to observe the
provision:

First article: Service content
First, this company sells all computers, has the specialist to
test, conforms to the country "Proct Nature Mensuration", "Standard
Rection" and Ministry of Public Security is connected stipulated
front, the equipment in sells all 贴有 in the equipment specific
position maintains the seal;
Second, sells the equipment, all teaches the equipment by our company
specialist the application method, when the necessity and makes
suitable technical training;
Third, all equipments from sell today, in a year the breakdown which
proces by the equipment itself quality, will implement:
The armor, three months guarantee exchanges;
Second grade, in three years free maintenance;
Fourth, in system approval young or up and coming generation, in three
month-long guaranteed usable times, if because the equipment itself
quality question breaks down, this company even if replaces the same
model new proct;
Fifth, the warranty period is three years. This period, our company
fulfills the free maintenance service. After receives the user
breakdown, namely the customs of the times specialist arrives;
Sixth, has one of following factors, creates the loss breakdown, is
not the guaranteed usable, the maintenance scope, this company does
not lose any economical responsibility even slightly:
1st, must is specialty of serviceman or the project personnel our
company tears maintains the seal, disassembles the machine;
2nd, the fire, the electric shock, the outside object collapse the
equipment damage which or other natural disasters causes;
3rd, must our company staff or must our company is authorized the user
to use, or the right of use customer carries on the artificial
breakdown which the operation creates;
Seventh, this company sells and the work equipment after the
acceptance of work, all must construct the files, and fills in "the
equipment to set up a file the card". Later the equipment service
movement situation all will be supposed to fill in this card;
Eighth, the party of the first part if has the function the increase
or the service demand, take both sides written, the email or the
facsimile as the basis, all changes, all confirm take the bilateral
people in charge as.

Second article: Maintenance contract period
Maintenance of equipment time:
Gets up from the year, month and day,
Stops to the year, month and day, is a 1 full month 2 full
year.

4th, payment and delivery way:
1) the complete contract fund, equals the aggregate amount for... The
Yuan, after the party of the first part installs finished uses
disposable pays in full the complete funds (with check remittance) to
give the second party.
2) transport mode and expense burden:
The second party installs according to the party of the first part
request debugs provides to the party of the first part, the
transportation cost undertakes by the second party.
3) delivers the date: Delivery in year, month and day
4) delivery point:

Fourth article: Bilateral responsibility
Second party:
1st, must guarantee the above proct for the original factory
proction and from is official, the legitimate channel import;
2nd, maintenance standard: According to proces the factory
maintenance standard execution by the consumer approval qualified
date;
3rd, maintenance and maintenance way: The second party to the
equipment which provides provides three years free maintenance service
(if hardware appears breakdown, cannot promptly solve, second party
must promptly provide same model proct temporary substitution). When
the party of the first part has the equipment
The breakdown and when informs the second party by the
telephone or the written way, the second party should when 6 work
arrives the breakdown scene.
The party of the first part:
After 1st, the delivery approves immediately, like finds the problem,
should the telephone message second party solve or the request
replacement within 7th, otherwise regards as the approval to be
qualified.
2nd, the party of the first part cannot be behind in payment second
party all expenses; Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penalty to
the second party (total contract amount) 0.1%/Day.
Other:
1st, the maintenance expires, armor second grade both sides separate
sign the maintenance contract, continues the service term.
2nd, breaks a contract the responsibility: The second party cannot
request the time delivery according to the party of the first part, is
breaks a contract the behavior; The party of the first part cannot pay
the loans by a set time according to the contract provision, is breaks
a contract the behavior. Breaks a contract Fang Xu to pay the penalty
to opposite party, the fine total amount does not surpass gathers
With 0.1%.
3rd, solution contract dispute way: This contract has the dispute,
consults or the mediation after both sides is inadequate, any side is
authorized to the people's court to file the lawsuit.
4th, the contract like has not not exhaustively place, bilateral
friendly consultation solution.
5th, the contract as soon as tries two (supply and demand both sides
to hold one respectively), signs since bilateral representatives and
caps the official seal or the contract chapter becomes effective, the
facsimile has the same level legal effect.

Concludes an agreement the human
The party of the first part: Second party:
Representative: Representative:
Signature date: Signature date:
Telephone: Telephone:
Address: Address:

这个答案非常准确
是我请教大学教授译的