美國法院英文

❶ 求美國法院介紹

與中國、德國、法國等大陸法系國家不同，美國是實行判例法的英美法系國家。美國司法制度體現了貫徹三權分立的原則，實行司法獨立，法院組織體系復雜。
概言之，美國法院組織分為聯邦和地方兩大系統，聯邦最高法院享有特殊的司法審查權。聯邦法院和州法院兩大系統適用各自的憲法和法律，管轄不同的案件和地域。美國沒有統一的行政法院；行政糾紛案件除由普通法院審理外，各獨立機構也有權受理和裁決。此外，還有國會根據需要通過有關法令建立的特別法院，如聯邦權利申訴法院等。
美國法院諸訴訟都實行「三審終審制」，不同於我國的二審終審制。聯邦法院系統有三個等級的法院，即聯邦最高法院(U.S.Supreme Court)、聯邦巡迴法院(U.S. Circuit Court)、聯邦地區法院(U.S.District Court)。其中巡迴法院亦稱上訴法院，相當於國內的中級法院，但不直接審理一審案件。聯邦地區法院則作為聯邦系統的基層法院。美國五十個州劃分十三個審判區域設有十三個巡迴法院，一個巡迴法院往往下轄數個地區法院。所有聯邦法院的經費直接來源於聯邦政府。與聯邦法院系統相比，州法院系統的情況相對復雜。原因在於美國是聯邦制國家，各州有自己的憲法，有各自的法院系統，自成體系。但州法院系統一般分為三個層次：州最高法院(State Supreme Court),州上訴法院 (Superior Court of Appellate Division)，及初審法院(County or Municipal Court)。
聯邦系統法院管轄的案件主要是：①因聯邦法律、條約或州憲法而系爭的所謂「聯邦問題案件」，包括憲法規定由最高法院初審或終審的案件，以及聯邦法律規定由聯邦系統的法院專屬管轄的案件，如破產案件等。②雙方當事人為不同國籍或州籍而且系爭數額達一萬美元的案件，可由當事人自行決定由聯邦法院或州法院審理，但離婚案件除外。③聯邦其他法院移送的案件，以及原屬聯邦與州雙重管轄而雙方當事人自願轉由聯邦法院審理的案件。不屬聯邦法院專屬管轄的案件，州法院均可管轄。至於各州之間的管轄，由於法律規定各異，與適用何州法律的沖突法問題密切相關，是美國法中爭執較多、解決較難的問題。

美國法院體系：美國法院分為聯邦法院和州法院兩個體系。
（1）聯邦法院：聯邦法院是美國聯邦政府的一部份，可分為普通法院和專門法院。普通法院分為三級，從下到上分別是：地方法院（district court）、上訴法院（appeal court或Court of Appeals, 除了聯邦區域上訴法院）、最高法院（the Supreme Court）；專門法院有：破產法庭（bankruptcy court）、稅務法庭（tax court）、國際貿易法庭（international trade court）、聯邦區域上訴法院。地方法院共有94所，分散在全國各州境內，由1名法院獨任審理。上訴法院有13所，是第二審級法院，上訴案件由三名法官審理；最高法院設在華盛頓，由首席法官(chief justice)1人、法官(associate justice)8人組成。最高法院法官是行使司法權的最高機構，其法官由總統經參議院三分之二的多數同意後任命，並任職終身。美國的最高法院有權對是否符合憲法行使監督權。
（2）州法院：美國各州有自己的法院系統，而且各州的法院設置有所不同。但一般來說，各州設有兩個審級，即第一審法院和上訴審法院。第一審法院主要包括兩類法院a. 有限管轄法院(court of limited jurisdiction)：設在市縣，主要審理輕微的刑事案件和金額較小的民事案件，如違反治安，交通和金額在一萬美圓以下的案件；b. 普通管轄法院(general jurisdiction courts)：對涉及州法的一般民事和刑事案件享有管轄權。上訴審法院(appellate courts)包括州的上訴法院和最高法院。

❷ 美國憲法英文版

Preamble
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
序言
我們美利堅合眾國的人民，為了組織一個更完善的聯邦，樹立正義，保障國內的安寧，建立共同的國防，增進全民福利和確保我們自己及我們後代能安享自由帶來的幸福，乃為美利堅合眾國制定和確立這一部憲法。 Article I
Section 1 - Legislative powers; in whom vested
All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 第一條
第一款 本憲法所規定的立法權，全屬合眾國的國會，國會由一個參議院和一個眾議院組成。 Section 2 - House of Representatives, how and by whom chosen Qualifications of a Representative. Representatives and direct taxes, how apportioned. Enumeration. Vacancies to be filled. Power of choosing officers, and of impeachment.
1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and the elector in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 眾議院應由各州人民每兩年選舉一次之議員組成，各州選舉人應具有該州州議會中人數最多之一院的選舉人所需之資格。
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
凡年齡未滿二十五歲，或取得合眾國公民資格未滿七年，或於某州當選而並非該州居民者，均不得任眾議員。
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons.(The previous sentence was superceded by Amendment XIV，前面語句已由憲法修正案XIV替代). The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 眾議員人數及直接稅稅額，應按聯邦所轄各州的人口數目比例分配，此項人口數目的計演算法，應在全體自由人民－－包括訂有契約的短期僕役，但不包括末被課稅的印第安人－－數目之外，再加上所有其他人口之五分之三。實際人口調查，應於合眾國國會第一次會議後三年內舉行，並於其後每十年舉行一次，其調查方法另以法律規定之。眾議員的數目，不得超過每三萬人口有眾議員一人，但每州至少應有眾議員一人，在舉行人囗調查以前，各州得按照下列數目選舉眾議員 : 新罕布希爾三人、馬薩諸塞八人、羅德島及普羅維登斯墾殖區一人、康涅狄格五人、紐約州六人．新澤西四人、賓夕法尼亞八人、特拉華一人、馬里蘭六人、弗吉尼亞十人、北卡羅來納五人、南卡羅來納五人、喬治亞三人。
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
任何一州的眾議員有缺額時，該州的行政長官應頒選舉令，選出眾議員以補充缺額。
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeachment.
眾議院應選舉該除議長及其他官員，只有眾議院具有提出彈劾案的權力。
Section 3 - Senators, how and by whom chosen. How classified. State Executive, when to make temporary appointments, in case, etc. Qualifications of a Senator. President of the Senate, his right to vote. President pro tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen. Power to try impeachments. When President is tried, Chief Justice to preside. Sentence.
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State,for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
合眾國的參議院由每州選舉兩名參議員組成之，參議員的任期為六年，每名參議員有一票表決權。
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, ring the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. (The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XVII)
合眾國的參議院由每州的州議會選舉兩名參議員組成之，參議員的任期為六年，每名參議員有一票表決權。參議員於第一次選舉後舉行會議之時，應當立即盡量均等地分成三組。第一組參議員的任期，到第二年年終時屆滿，第二組到第四年年終時屆滿，第三組到第六年年終時屆滿，俾使每兩年有三分之一的參議員改選，如果在某州州議會休會期間，有參議員因辭職或其它原因出缺，該州的行政長官得任命臨時參議員，等到州議會下次集會時，再予選舉補缺（憲法修正案XVII對本條款做了部分修改）。
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
凡年齡未滿三十歲，或取得合眾國公民資格未滿九年，或於某州當選而並非該州居民者，均不得任參議員
4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
合眾國副總統應為參議院議長，除非在投票票數相等時，議長無投票權。
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of the United States. 參議院應選舉該院的其他官員，在副總統缺席或執行合眾國總統職務時，還應選舉臨時議長。 6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
所有彈劾案，只有參議院有權審理。在開庭審理彈劾案時，參議員們均應宣誓或誓願。如受審者為合眾國總統，則應由最高法院首席大法官擔任主席，在末得出席的參議員的三分之二的同意時，任何人不得被判有罪。
7. Judgement in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States: but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgement and punishment, according to law. 彈劾案的判決，不得超過免職及取消其擔任合眾國政府任何有榮譽、有責任或有俸祿的職位之資格，但被判處者仍須服從另據法律所作之控訴、審訊、判決及懲罰。
Section 4 - Times, etc., of holding elections, how prescribed. One session in each year.
1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 各州州議會應規定本州參議員及眾議員之選舉時間、地點及程序，但國會得隨時以法律制定或變更此種規定，惟有選舉議員的地點不在此例。
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,(The words in italics were superceded by Amendment XX，憲法修正案對此有修改) unless they by law appoint a different day. 國會應至少每年集會一次，開會日期應為十二月的第一個星期一，除非他們通過法律來指定另一個日期。
Section 5 - Membership, Quorum, Adjournments, Rules, Power to punish or expel. Journal. Time of adjournments, how limited, etc.
1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide. 參眾兩院應各自審查本院的選舉、選舉結果報告和本院議員的資格，每院議員過半數即構成可以議事的法定人數，不足法定人數時，可以一天推一天地延期開會，並有權依照各該議院所規定的程序和罰則，強迫缺席的議員出席。
2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 參眾兩院得各自規定本院的議事規則，處罰本院擾亂秩序的議員，並且得以三分之二的同意，開除本院的議員。

❸ 試述美國法院體系與中國法院體系的比較 英語版 150個單詞 大俠們 幫幫忙 先謝謝了

http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-08/13/content_1024723.htm#
這個是中國的法院體系，自學吧

❹ 求美國法院關於傷害罪的判決書，英文

http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/cnn/docs/crim/usraymond2605jdgmnt.pdf

這是一份完整的聯邦地方法院刑事案例判決書 滿意請給分

❺ 請寫出美國的立法部門，行政部門，司法部門的英文

美國國會（Congress，United States）是執行美國憲法規定的立法權力的機構。
美國參議院（英語：United States Senate）是美國的立法部門

總統辦事機構：(Executive Office of the President)
白宮辦公廳 (The White House Office)
副總統辦公廳 (Office of the Vice President of the United States)
行政管理和預算局 (Office of Management and Budget)
經濟顧問委員會 (Council of Economic Advisers)
國家安全委員會 (National Security Council)
美國貿易代表辦公室(Office of United States Trade Representatives)
政策制定辦公室 (Office of Policy Development)
科學和技術政策辦公室 (Office of Science and Technology Policy)
改善環境質量委員會 (Council on Environmental Quality)
國家麻醉品控制政策辦公室 (Office of National Drug Control Policy)
行政辦公室 (Office of Administration)
政府各部：(Cabinet Department)
國務院 (Department of State)
財政部 (Department of Treasury)
國防部 (Department of Defense)
司法部 (Department of Justice)
商務部 (Department of Commerce)
能源部 (Department of Energy)
內政部 (Department of Interior)
農業部 (Department of Agriculture)
教育部 (Department of Ecation)
運輸部 (Department of Transportation)
勞工部 (Department of Labor)
衛生與公眾服務部 (Department of Health and Human services)
住房和城市發展部 (Department of Housing and Urban Development)
退伍軍人事務部 (Department of Veterans Affairs)
軍事機構：(Military Bodies)
國防部 (Department of Defense)
參謀長聯席會議 (Joint Chiefs of Staff)
陸軍 (Army)
空軍 (Airforce)
海軍 (Navy)
海軍陸戰隊 (Marine Corps)
海岸警衛隊 (Coast Guard)
後備役部隊 (Reserves)
聯合作戰司令部 (United Combatant Commands)

❻ 美國聯邦法院的英文拼寫

American Federation Court

❼ 急求：美國司法體系概況 英文版

Jurors Get Firsthand Look at Justice System

陪審員眼中的美國司法體系

If you're an American citizen, one of your fundamental civic ties is to serve, when called, as a juror in a civil or criminal trial. I was oddly pleased to get a notice in my mailbox summoning me for jury ty. I actually looked forward to sitting with 11 other New Yorkers, all chosen as randomly as I was, to hear evidence about a crime and to play an active role in the justice system.

I arrived early at the New York State Court building with my photo ID and a day's worth of reading material, and took a seat on a wooden bench in a vast, dimly-lit hall with perhaps 200 other potential jurors.

Assembling an impartial jury is an essential element of the criminal trial process. Before we were selected to hear a case, the prosecutor, the defense attorney and the judge all questioned each of us in the courtroom, to see if we harbored prejudices that might keep us from fairly judging the defendant. They asked us such questions as "Have your ever been a victim of a crime?" "Are you more or less likely to believe a police officer than any other citizen who testifies?" "Could we assume innocence until guilt was proved beyond a reasonable doubt?

After a full day of this, I was selected for a burglary case. With 11 fellow jurors (and two alternates) I raised my right hand and swore an oath to be fair. We were a diverse group of people, including black, white, Latino, professional, working-class, native born and new Americans, and we ranged in age from about 25 to nearly 70 years old.

After we'd taken our seats in the section of the courtroom known as the jury box, the judge instructed us not to talk about the case -- even among ourselves -- until all the evidence had been given, and not to discuss the trial with anyone outside, either. We each had to make up our own mind.

The defendant, a 35-year-old man with a long ponytail, sitting before us in a suit and tie, had been charged with the burglary of a drugstore.

We listened to evidence in his case for two days. The defendant himself didn't testify -- it was up to the State prosecutor to provide the proof.

Witnesses were examined by the prosecution, then cross-examined by the defense. We were shown the store's security videotapes and the written warning the store says it gave the defendant -- after an earlier shoplifting incident -- that he was barred from shopping at any of the company's chain of drug stores. That letter meant the man's second attempted theft involved a more serious criminal trespass.

As the trial drew to a close, the prosecutor and the defense attorney gave us their closing arguments. Then the judge explained the law to us and how it applied to this case, and sent us to the jury room to deliberate. In order to find the defendant guilty or not guilty, we would all have to agree on a verdict.

My fellow jurors and I had become friendly ring the first couple of days of the trial, but as we deliberated we sometimes differed sharply over details of the case. We asked that portions of the testimony -- which had been carefully transcribed by a court reporter -- be read back to us. After four hours of intense argument and discussion, we all agreed to find the defendant guilty of burglary.

I was impressed by how seriously the jurors took their jobs. Even though we were all anxious to finish with the trial and get back to our lives, we all seemed to have the same sense of ty to be certain - beyond a reasonable doubt - that our verdict was justified by the evidence in the case.

I was not alone in sensing the enormity of the responsibility we had been given. I made certain to look directly at the face of the defendant when the verdict was read. I wanted to see with my own eyes whatever emotion he was feeling, and to accept responsibility for the choice I had made and what it would mean for his life. Then, just one week after it started, the trial was over, the jury was thanked, then dismissed, and we were out on the Manhattan streets saying goodbye and hailing cabs.

This is Adam Phillips in New York.

注釋：

oddly [5Rdli] adv. 奇怪地

summon [5sQmEn] vt. 〈法〉傳喚，傳喚到庭

randomly [5rAndEmli] adv. 隨便地

impartial [im5pB:FEl] adj. 公平的，無私的

prosecutor [5prRsikju:tE(r)] n. 原告；起訴人

defendant [di5fendEnt] n. 被告

innocence [5inEsEns] n. 無罪

burglary [5bE:^lEri] v. 入室行竊

fellow [5felEu] adj. 同道的

alternate [C:l5tE:nit] adj. 輪流的，預備的

ponytail [5pEuniteil] n. 馬尾辮（一種發型）

drugstore [drQ^5stC:] n. <美> 葯房，雜貨店

shoplifting [5FCp7liftiN] n. 入店行竊

trespass [5trespEs] n. 過失，罪過

deliberate [di5libEreit] v. 商討

verdict [5vE:dikt] n.（陪審團的）判決

testimony [5testimEni] n. 證詞（尤指在法庭所作的）

transcribe [trAns5kraib] v. 轉錄

❽ 美國法官開庭和休庭都說些什麼（要英文的）

這個話不一定必須要由法官說，也可以由其助理說出來，並且聯邦回和州的法官說的答有些不同，以聯邦地區法院為例吧。

「The United States District Court for ***(地區)is now in session. The Honorable (法官名)，District Judge,persiding. All persons having business before this Coure, draw near, and you shall be heard.God save the United States and this Honorable Court. Court is in session.」

上面是開庭時說的，至於休庭，沒有什麼特別的東西，通常是：The court is in recess.

❾ 美國政治機構的英文稱呼，及中文解釋。比如，國會，法院，白宮等。全一點，准一點的，考試用！

美國的司法機關主要由最高法院（The Supreme Court of the United States）、11個上訴法院（內United States Sentencing Commission） ，91個地方法院（Lower Courts），以及三容個有特別裁判權的法院（Special Courts）以及聯邦司法中心（Federal Judicial Center）等機構組成。

國家安全委員會（The National Security Council ）
總統經濟顧問委員會（Council of Economic Advisers）
政策研究辦公室（Office of Policy Development）

❿ "美國司法部"用英語怎麼說

United States Department of Justice